Question 1

A primary function of perivascular pumping is to

Accepted Answer

A)  transmit ATP to Müller cells. 
B)  stimulate mechanosensory cilia on ependymal cells. 
C)  modulate the rate of blood flow in the retina. 
D)  increase the rate at which molecules can move through the CSF. 
E)  increase oxygen levels in the CSF. 
A)  transmit ATP to Müller cells. 
B)  stimulate mechanosensory cilia on ependymal cells. 
C)  modulate the rate of blood flow in the retina. 
D)  increase the rate at which molecules can move through the CSF. 
E)  increase oxygen levels in the CSF. D

Question 2

L-type calcium channels, such as those found in the soma of leech Retzius neurons, are especially suitable for extrasynaptic signaling because they

Accepted Answer

A)  open only after a lag of up to one second. 
B)  have a very high depolarization threshold for opening. 
C)  are permeable to magnesium as well as calcium. 
D)  inactivate rapidly after opening. 
E)  are not easily inactivated. 
A)  open only after a lag of up to one second. 
B)  have a very high depolarization threshold for opening. 
C)  are permeable to magnesium as well as calcium. 
D)  inactivate rapidly after opening. 
E)  are not easily inactivated. E

Question 3

Experiments on extrasynaptic transmission using amperometry have demonstrated that

Accepted Answer

A)  quantal packages of transmitter are released from the cell bodies of neurons. 
B)  neurotransmitters are released extrasynaptically without the use of vesicles. 
C)  vesicles at the soma are larger than those released at dendritic projections. 
D)  neurotransmitters are released from dendritic projections but not from the cell body. 
E)  only monoamines are released extrasynaptically. 
A)  quantal packages of transmitter are released from the cell bodies of neurons. 
B)  neurotransmitters are released extrasynaptically without the use of vesicles. 
C)  vesicles at the soma are larger than those released at dendritic projections. 
D)  neurotransmitters are released from dendritic projections but not from the cell body. 
E)  only monoamines are released extrasynaptically. A

Question 4

A scientist is studying leech behavioral neurobiology. If she injects serotonin into the leech, what is the scientist likely to observe?

Accepted Answer

A)  The leech will not react appropriately to social cues. 
B)  The leech will produce a dominant display. 
C)  The leech will begin feeding. 
D)  The leech will contract (shorten) and become immobile. 
E)  The leech will begin crawling. 
A)  The leech will not react appropriately to social cues. 
B)  The leech will produce a dominant display. 
C)  The leech will begin feeding. 
D)  The leech will contract (shorten) and become immobile. 
E)  The leech will begin crawling.

Question 5

As a general rule, the mechanisms for extrasynaptic exocytosis

Accepted Answer

A)  resemble exocytosis from gland cells in invertebrates, and resemble synaptic exocytosis in vertebrates. 
B)  have only been observed in vertebrates, and are similar to those of synaptic exocytosis. 
C)  are similar in invertebrates and vertebrates, and resemble exocytosis from gland cells. 
D)  resemble synaptic exocytosis in invertebrates, and resemble exocytosis from gland cells in vertebrates. 
E)  have only been observed in invertebrates, and are similar to exocytosis from gland cells. 
A)  resemble exocytosis from gland cells in invertebrates, and resemble synaptic exocytosis in vertebrates. 
B)  have only been observed in vertebrates, and are similar to those of synaptic exocytosis. 
C)  are similar in invertebrates and vertebrates, and resemble exocytosis from gland cells. 
D)  resemble synaptic exocytosis in invertebrates, and resemble exocytosis from gland cells in vertebrates. 
E)  have only been observed in invertebrates, and are similar to exocytosis from gland cells.

Question 6

The neurotransmitter responsible for 'tuning' the magnitude of aggressive displays in lobsters is

Accepted Answer

A)  octopamine. 
B)  serotonin. 
C)  acetylcholine. 
D)  glutamate. 
E)  adrenaline. 
A)  octopamine. 
B)  serotonin. 
C)  acetylcholine. 
D)  glutamate. 
E)  adrenaline.

Question 7

What is the function of the ependymal cell layer?

Accepted Answer

The ependymal cell layer lines the ventr

Question 8

Tannic acid can be added to neurons in order to

Accepted Answer

A)  produce fluorescence in peptides. 
B)  block the fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane. 
C)  count quanta of neurotransmitter released from different locations. 
D)  prevent reuptake of neurotransmitters. 
E)  visualize fusion of dense-core vesicles. 
A)  produce fluorescence in peptides. 
B)  block the fusion of vesicles with the cell membrane. 
C)  count quanta of neurotransmitter released from different locations. 
D)  prevent reuptake of neurotransmitters. 
E)  visualize fusion of dense-core vesicles.

Question 9

Neurons that release a neurotransmitter extrasynaptically

Accepted Answer

A)  do not contain synaptic structures. 
B)  also release the same neurotransmitter synaptically. 
C)  may release the same or other neurotransmitters synaptically. 
D)  may have synaptic structures, which use a different neurotransmitter. 
E)  neurons do not communicate extrasynaptically - only glial cells do. 
A)  do not contain synaptic structures. 
B)  also release the same neurotransmitter synaptically. 
C)  may release the same or other neurotransmitters synaptically. 
D)  may have synaptic structures, which use a different neurotransmitter. 
E)  neurons do not communicate extrasynaptically - only glial cells do.

Question 10

The three regions into which neurotransmitters are released extrasynaptically are the neuropil, the CSF, and the

Accepted Answer

A)  blood stream. 
B)  cytoplasm. 
C)  synaptic cleft. 
D)  choroid plexus. 
E)  vesicles. 
A)  blood stream. 
B)  cytoplasm. 
C)  synaptic cleft. 
D)  choroid plexus. 
E)  vesicles.

Question 11

The exchange of molecules across the ependymal cell layer is central to the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  swimming behavior in leeches. 
B)  social dominance in lobsters. 
C)  light and dark adaptation. 
D)  long-distance communication via the CSF. 
E)  vasodilation in the retina. 
A)  swimming behavior in leeches. 
B)  social dominance in lobsters. 
C)  light and dark adaptation. 
D)  long-distance communication via the CSF. 
E)  vasodilation in the retina.

Question 12

The fluorescent dye FM1-43 can be injected into the extracellular medium in order to visualize

Accepted Answer

A)  the location where vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane. 
B)  microtubule transport systems. 
C)  monoamines in the extracellular space. 
D)  the location of mitochondria. 
E)  hormones in the blood stream. 
A)  the location where vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane. 
B)  microtubule transport systems. 
C)  monoamines in the extracellular space. 
D)  the location of mitochondria. 
E)  hormones in the blood stream.

Question 13

Dense-core vesicles are often found

Accepted Answer

A)  near somatic and perisynaptic release sites. 
B)  in the nucleus of dopaminergic neurons. 
C)  diffusing through the CSF. 
D)  in axon terminals of magnocellular neurons. 
E)  in retinal amacrine cells. 
A)  near somatic and perisynaptic release sites. 
B)  in the nucleus of dopaminergic neurons. 
C)  diffusing through the CSF. 
D)  in axon terminals of magnocellular neurons. 
E)  in retinal amacrine cells.

Question 14

Which of the options below is not a method of extrasynaptic exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fusion of large numbers of vesicles at the soma 
B)  Molecule release from clusters of vesicles from varicosities along non-myelinated axons 
C)  Molecules not stored in vesicles are gradually leaked from dendritic varicosities 
D)  Leak of excess transmitter from the synaptic cleft 
E)  Vesicles that are not part of the synaptic pool are released near presynaptic active zones 
A)  Fusion of large numbers of vesicles at the soma 
B)  Molecule release from clusters of vesicles from varicosities along non-myelinated axons 
C)  Molecules not stored in vesicles are gradually leaked from dendritic varicosities 
D)  Leak of excess transmitter from the synaptic cleft 
E)  Vesicles that are not part of the synaptic pool are released near presynaptic active zones

Question 15

What is one way in which recycling of dense core vesicles during extracellular exocytosis differs from recycling in standard synaptic transmission?

Accepted Answer

One difference is in the location; recyc

Question 16

A measure of "FM1-43 fluorescent spots" can be used to indicate

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP levels. 
B)  depolarization. 
C)  oxygen use of a neuron. 
D)  amount and location of exocytosis. 
E)  intracellular calcium levels. 
A)  ATP levels. 
B)  depolarization. 
C)  oxygen use of a neuron. 
D)  amount and location of exocytosis. 
E)  intracellular calcium levels.

Question 17

An exosome is a

Accepted Answer

A)  type of multivesicular body. 
B)  type of extracellular vesicle. 
C)  dense-core vesicle found in leech Retzius neurons. 
D)  tubulovesicular structure. 
E)  serotonin reuptake device. 
A)  type of multivesicular body. 
B)  type of extracellular vesicle. 
C)  dense-core vesicle found in leech Retzius neurons. 
D)  tubulovesicular structure. 
E)  serotonin reuptake device.

Question 18

The structure of Müller cells is specialized in that

Accepted Answer

A)  their end feet wrap around capillaries. 
B)  their cilia protrude into the CSF. 
C)  they contain photopigments. 
D)  they change in diameter in response to light. 
E)  they contain multivesicular bodies. 
A)  their end feet wrap around capillaries. 
B)  their cilia protrude into the CSF. 
C)  they contain photopigments. 
D)  they change in diameter in response to light. 
E)  they contain multivesicular bodies.

Question 19

In leech Retzius neurons, microtubules and kinesin motors function to

Accepted Answer

A)  transport vesicles from the interior of the cell to the periphery. 
B)  transport vesicles from the nucleus to the axon terminals. 
C)  assist with reuptake and repackaging of vesicles. 
D)  dock vesicles to the cell membrane at release sites. 
E)  move receptors to active sites. 
A)  transport vesicles from the interior of the cell to the periphery. 
B)  transport vesicles from the nucleus to the axon terminals. 
C)  assist with reuptake and repackaging of vesicles. 
D)  dock vesicles to the cell membrane at release sites. 
E)  move receptors to active sites.

Question 20

What three components allow the CSF to enable long-distance signal transmission?

Accepted Answer

The first component is the release of ne

Exam 18: Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

A primary function of perivascular pumping is to

L-type calcium channels, such as those found in the soma of leech Retzius neurons, are especially suitable for extrasynaptic signaling because they

Experiments on extrasynaptic transmission using amperometry have demonstrated that

A scientist is studying leech behavioral neurobiology. If she injects serotonin into the leech, what is the scientist likely to observe?

As a general rule, the mechanisms for extrasynaptic exocytosis

The neurotransmitter responsible for 'tuning' the magnitude of aggressive displays in lobsters is

What is the function of the ependymal cell layer?

Tannic acid can be added to neurons in order to

Neurons that release a neurotransmitter extrasynaptically

The three regions into which neurotransmitters are released extrasynaptically are the neuropil, the CSF, and the

The exchange of molecules across the ependymal cell layer is central to the process of

The fluorescent dye FM1-43 can be injected into the extracellular medium in order to visualize

Dense-core vesicles are often found

Which of the options below is not a method of extrasynaptic exocytosis?

What is one way in which recycling of dense core vesicles during extracellular exocytosis differs from recycling in standard synaptic transmission?

A measure of "FM1-43 fluorescent spots" can be used to indicate

An exosome is a

The structure of Müller cells is specialized in that

In leech Retzius neurons, microtubules and kinesin motors function to

What three components allow the CSF to enable long-distance signal transmission?

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

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