Question 1

When the monosynaptic stretch reflex is first initiated, the first thing to respond is

Accepted Answer

A)  extrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  1a afferents. 
C)  intrafusal muscle fibers. 
D)  α motoneurons. 
E)  γ motoneurons. 
A)  extrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  1a afferents. 
C)  intrafusal muscle fibers. 
D)  α motoneurons. 
E)  γ motoneurons. E

Question 2

Which of the following muscles would experience the least amount of motor recruitment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Latissimus dorsi (found in the back) 
B)  Pectoralis major (found in the chest) 
C)  Rectus femoris (found in the thigh) 
D)  Adductor pollicis (found in the hand) 
E)  Superior oblique (abducts the eyes) 
A)  Latissimus dorsi (found in the back) 
B)  Pectoralis major (found in the chest) 
C)  Rectus femoris (found in the thigh) 
D)  Adductor pollicis (found in the hand) 
E)  Superior oblique (abducts the eyes) E

Question 3

Which of the following is true about α motoneurons?

Accepted Answer

A)  They make synaptic contact with intrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  They make synaptic contact with joints, thereby regulating the force that the muscle is capable of exerting. 
C)  They sense stretch of the muscle. 
D)  They are the presynaptic endings that comprise the neuromuscular junction. 
E)  They are the postsynaptic endings that comprise the neuromuscular junction. 
A)  They make synaptic contact with intrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  They make synaptic contact with joints, thereby regulating the force that the muscle is capable of exerting. 
C)  They sense stretch of the muscle. 
D)  They are the presynaptic endings that comprise the neuromuscular junction. 
E)  They are the postsynaptic endings that comprise the neuromuscular junction. D

Question 4

The most important means used to control muscle tension is

Accepted Answer

A)  increased use of extrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  increased use of intrafusal muscle fibers. 
C)  recruitment of more motor units. 
D)  recruitment of more mitochondria. 
E)  recruitment of more Golgi Tendon Organs. 
A)  increased use of extrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  increased use of intrafusal muscle fibers. 
C)  recruitment of more motor units. 
D)  recruitment of more mitochondria. 
E)  recruitment of more Golgi Tendon Organs.

Question 5

Which of the functions is characteristic of the ventral corticospinal tract?

Accepted Answer

A)  It mediates control of only distal muscles. 
B)  It descends all the way to the lumbar spinal cord. 
C)  It descends in the ipsilateral ventral column. 
D)  It terminates unilaterally in the spinal cord. 
E)  It mediates control of the viscera. 
A)  It mediates control of only distal muscles. 
B)  It descends all the way to the lumbar spinal cord. 
C)  It descends in the ipsilateral ventral column. 
D)  It terminates unilaterally in the spinal cord. 
E)  It mediates control of the viscera.

Question 6

The somatotopic map represents not only what part of the precentral gyrus houses neurons that will ultimately lead to serving a particular body part, but also how _______ those neurons are.

Accepted Answer

A)  diverse 
B)  large 
C)  old 
D)  dense 
E)  multifunctional 
A)  diverse 
B)  large 
C)  old 
D)  dense 
E)  multifunctional

Question 7

Which of the following about the flexor reflex would most likely be different in someone who steps on a sharp object with one foot vs. someone who touches a hot stove with their hand?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stepping on a sharp object would involve only α, but not γ, motoneurons. 
B)  Stepping on a sharp object would involve only γ, but not α, motoneurons. 
C)  Stepping on a sharp object would likely require the use contralateral leg, but touching a hot stove would not require using the contralateral hand to maintain balance. 
D)  Stepping on a sharp object would involve the upper limbs as well, but touching a hot stove would not likely involve the lower limbs to maintain balance. 
E)  Stepping on a sharp object would require higher-order cerebral centers to help maintain balance, but touching a hot stove would not. 
A)  Stepping on a sharp object would involve only α, but not γ, motoneurons. 
B)  Stepping on a sharp object would involve only γ, but not α, motoneurons. 
C)  Stepping on a sharp object would likely require the use contralateral leg, but touching a hot stove would not require using the contralateral hand to maintain balance. 
D)  Stepping on a sharp object would involve the upper limbs as well, but touching a hot stove would not likely involve the lower limbs to maintain balance. 
E)  Stepping on a sharp object would require higher-order cerebral centers to help maintain balance, but touching a hot stove would not.

Question 8

Which of the following best matches the structure and neurons with the correct neurotransmitter they use?

Accepted Answer

A)  Substantia nigra and GABA 
B)  Globus pallidus and glutamate 
C)  Subthalamic nucleus and glutamate 
D)  Caudate nucleus and dopamine 
E)  Subthalmic nucleus and GABA 
A)  Substantia nigra and GABA 
B)  Globus pallidus and glutamate 
C)  Subthalamic nucleus and glutamate 
D)  Caudate nucleus and dopamine 
E)  Subthalmic nucleus and GABA

Question 9

What is one possible, yet profound, reason why treadmill experiments to study locomotion, such as those described in your textbook, have little real-life application?

Accepted Answer

A treadmill is predictable and even. In

Question 10

Major inputs into the cerebellar cortex originate from

Accepted Answer

A)  stellate and basket cells. 
B)  Purkinje cells. 
C)  granule cells. 
D)  Golgi cells. 
E)  cells comprising the inferior olive and pontine nuclei. 
A)  stellate and basket cells. 
B)  Purkinje cells. 
C)  granule cells. 
D)  Golgi cells. 
E)  cells comprising the inferior olive and pontine nuclei.

Question 11

You are carrying a small stack of books (a moderate load) in your arms. Suddenly, someone tosses another book on top of the stack you are already carrying. Explain how α and γ motoneuron coactivation works to prevent you from dropping all the books when the weight unexpectedly increased.

Accepted Answer

While carrying the initial load, both α

Question 12

Mossy fibers and climbing fibers play major roles in involving the cerebellum in coordinating

Accepted Answer

A)  eye movements and equilibrium/balance. 
B)  gross motor control and equilibrium/balance. 
C)  gross motor control and hearing. 
D)  hearing and eye movements. 
E)  gross motor control and hearing 
A)  eye movements and equilibrium/balance. 
B)  gross motor control and equilibrium/balance. 
C)  gross motor control and hearing. 
D)  hearing and eye movements. 
E)  gross motor control and hearing

Question 13

The sensory receptors for the stretch reflex is contained

Accepted Answer

A)  deep within the extrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  deep within the intrafusal muscle fibers. 
C)  in the muscle spindles. 
D)  within the Golgi tendon organs. 
E)  surrounding the Golgi tendon organs. 
A)  deep within the extrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  deep within the intrafusal muscle fibers. 
C)  in the muscle spindles. 
D)  within the Golgi tendon organs. 
E)  surrounding the Golgi tendon organs.

Question 14

The greater the force needed, the greater the _______ in gradually increasing _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  motor unit recruitment; neuron size 
B)  motor unit recruitment; muscle size 
C)  motor unit recruitment; motor unit size 
D)  spatial summation; neuron size 
E)  temporal summation; neuron size 
A)  motor unit recruitment; neuron size 
B)  motor unit recruitment; muscle size 
C)  motor unit recruitment; motor unit size 
D)  spatial summation; neuron size 
E)  temporal summation; neuron size

Question 15

Based on the network of synaptic connections among the many different neuron types (e.g., granule, Purkinje, basket) within the cerebellar cortex, it can be fairly stated that overall, the net functional effect of the cerebellum is

Accepted Answer

A)  excitatory. 
B)  inhibitory. 
C)  neither excitatory nor inhibitory. 
D)  both excitatory and inhibitory. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  excitatory. 
B)  inhibitory. 
C)  neither excitatory nor inhibitory. 
D)  both excitatory and inhibitory. 
E)  None of the above

Question 16

You placed a person in an air-tight chamber with a treadmill set at first and comfortable walking speed, but then gradually inclined so that to maintain the same speed, walking intensity had to increase. At this point, then, if the ambient levels of carbon dioxide was gradually raised to levels that are just high enough to raise its levels in the blood, but not enough to cause unconsciousness or kill the person, what would be the probable resulting respiratory rate?

Accepted Answer

A)  It would not change. 
B)  It would gradually increase throughout the duration of the experiment. 
C)  It would gradually decrease throughout the duration of the experiment. 
D)  it would increase and then gradually decrease as carbon dioxide levels rose. 
E)  It would decrease and then gradually increase as carbon dioxide levels rose. 
A)  It would not change. 
B)  It would gradually increase throughout the duration of the experiment. 
C)  It would gradually decrease throughout the duration of the experiment. 
D)  it would increase and then gradually decrease as carbon dioxide levels rose. 
E)  It would decrease and then gradually increase as carbon dioxide levels rose.

Question 17

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped into two basic types. These are known as

Accepted Answer

A)  extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  α and γ motoneurons. 
C)  slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers. 
D)  myotatic and spinal muscle fibers. 
E)  striated and unstriated muscle fibers. 
A)  extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers. 
B)  α and γ motoneurons. 
C)  slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers. 
D)  myotatic and spinal muscle fibers. 
E)  striated and unstriated muscle fibers.

Question 18

How do the topographies of the medial and lateral pathways correlate with the functions that they mediate?

Accepted Answer

The lateral cortiospinal tract originate

Question 19

The chemical signal in the CNS that causes changes in respiratory rate and/or depth is

Accepted Answer

A)  bicarbonate. 
B)  oxygen. 
C)  water. 
D)  carbon dioxide. 
E)  protons. 
A)  bicarbonate. 
B)  oxygen. 
C)  water. 
D)  carbon dioxide. 
E)  protons.

Question 20

The ratio of the number of α motoneurons to the number of muscle fibers it innervates is associated with how

Accepted Answer

A)  large the muscle is. 
B)  many muscle fibers there are. 
C)  complex the α motor neuron is. 
D)  often the muscle is used. 
E)  much dexterity the movement requires. 
A)  large the muscle is. 
B)  many muscle fibers there are. 
C)  complex the α motor neuron is. 
D)  often the muscle is used. 
E)  much dexterity the movement requires.

Exam 26: Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

When the monosynaptic stretch reflex is first initiated, the first thing to respond is

Which of the following muscles would experience the least amount of motor recruitment?

Which of the following is true about α motoneurons?

The most important means used to control muscle tension is

Which of the functions is characteristic of the ventral corticospinal tract?

The somatotopic map represents not only what part of the precentral gyrus houses neurons that will ultimately lead to serving a particular body part, but also how _______ those neurons are.

Which of the following about the flexor reflex would most likely be different in someone who steps on a sharp object with one foot vs. someone who touches a hot stove with their hand?

Which of the following best matches the structure and neurons with the correct neurotransmitter they use?

What is one possible, yet profound, reason why treadmill experiments to study locomotion, such as those described in your textbook, have little real-life application?

Major inputs into the cerebellar cortex originate from

You are carrying a small stack of books (a moderate load) in your arms. Suddenly, someone tosses another book on top of the stack you are already carrying. Explain how α and γ motoneuron coactivation works to prevent you from dropping all the books when the weight unexpectedly increased.

Mossy fibers and climbing fibers play major roles in involving the cerebellum in coordinating

The sensory receptors for the stretch reflex is contained

The greater the force needed, the greater the _______ in gradually increasing _______.

Based on the network of synaptic connections among the many different neuron types (e.g., granule, Purkinje, basket) within the cerebellar cortex, it can be fairly stated that overall, the net functional effect of the cerebellum is

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped into two basic types. These are known as

How do the topographies of the medial and lateral pathways correlate with the functions that they mediate?

The chemical signal in the CNS that causes changes in respiratory rate and/or depth is

The ratio of the number of α motoneurons to the number of muscle fibers it innervates is associated with how

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

Filters

The greater the force needed, the greater the _ in gradually increasing _.