Question 1

The duration of ACh activity at postsynaptic receptor sites is limited by

Accepted Answer

A)  a high concentration of AChE in the synaptic cleft. 
B)  a high concentration of intracellular AChE in the presnaptic terminal. 
C)  a large number of reuptake receptors on the pre-synaptic membrane. 
D)  the proximity of glial cells that absorb the ACh . 
E)  the size of vesicles released from the presynaptic terminal. 
A)  a high concentration of AChE in the synaptic cleft. 
B)  a high concentration of intracellular AChE in the presnaptic terminal. 
C)  a large number of reuptake receptors on the pre-synaptic membrane. 
D)  the proximity of glial cells that absorb the ACh . 
E)  the size of vesicles released from the presynaptic terminal. A

Question 2

The action of peptide transmitters appears to be terminated primarily through

Accepted Answer

A)  enzymatic degradation. 
B)  synthesis into new molecules. 
C)  uptake into neighboring glial cells. 
D)  reuptake into the pre-synaptic terminals. 
E)  diffusion. 
A)  enzymatic degradation. 
B)  synthesis into new molecules. 
C)  uptake into neighboring glial cells. 
D)  reuptake into the pre-synaptic terminals. 
E)  diffusion. E

Question 3

Given what you know about how the actions of neurotransmitters can be terminated, give two examples of how the effects of norepinephrine could be reduced at a synaptic receptor.

Accepted Answer

Two ways that a neurotransmitter can be silenced are through reuptake and through enzymatic degradation. So, in order to dampen the effects of norepinephrine, we could facilitate reuptake and/or introduce more enzyme (such as MAO) to help break down the norepinephrine.

Question 4

Relatively small quantities of neuropeptides are required for signaling, in part because

Accepted Answer

A)  they have a much higher affinity for their receptors than low-molecular-weight transmitters. 
B)  they are synthesized so quickly that a continuous supply is available. 
C)  one molecule can typically bind to many receptors at a time. 
D)  the binding sites are extremely close to the release sites. 
E)  their metabotropic receptors can amplify the signal through intracellular pathways. 
A)  they have a much higher affinity for their receptors than low-molecular-weight transmitters. 
B)  they are synthesized so quickly that a continuous supply is available. 
C)  one molecule can typically bind to many receptors at a time. 
D)  the binding sites are extremely close to the release sites. 
E)  their metabotropic receptors can amplify the signal through intracellular pathways.

Question 5

ChAT and AChE are

Accepted Answer

A)  two components of ACh receptors. 
B)  molecules that assist with docking vesicles to the cell membrane. 
C)  the two molecules from which ACh is synthesized. 
D)  enzymes responsible for the synthesis and the degradation of ACh. 
E)  molecules responsible for the packaging of ACh into vesicles. 
A)  two components of ACh receptors. 
B)  molecules that assist with docking vesicles to the cell membrane. 
C)  the two molecules from which ACh is synthesized. 
D)  enzymes responsible for the synthesis and the degradation of ACh. 
E)  molecules responsible for the packaging of ACh into vesicles.

Question 6

Unlike low-molecular-weight transmitters, neuropeptides are synthesized in

Accepted Answer

A)  the cell body and packaged in dense-core vesicles for transport. 
B)  the axon terminals and not packaged into vesicles. 
C)  the cell body and not packaged into vesicles. 
D)  dendrites and somatic varicosities and packaged into small synaptic vesicles for transport. 
E)  the axon terminals and packaged in dense-core vesicles. 
A)  the cell body and packaged in dense-core vesicles for transport. 
B)  the axon terminals and not packaged into vesicles. 
C)  the cell body and not packaged into vesicles. 
D)  dendrites and somatic varicosities and packaged into small synaptic vesicles for transport. 
E)  the axon terminals and packaged in dense-core vesicles.

Question 7

When organelles such as mitochondria and vesicles bind to microtubules to travel toward axon terminals, they move at a rate

Accepted Answer

A)  substantially slower than the background movement of cytoplasm. 
B)  about the same as the background movement of cytoplasm. 
C)  substantially faster than the background movement of cytoplasm. 
D)  substantially slower than transport to the cell body. 
E)  substantially faster than transport to the cell body. 
A)  substantially slower than the background movement of cytoplasm. 
B)  about the same as the background movement of cytoplasm. 
C)  substantially faster than the background movement of cytoplasm. 
D)  substantially slower than transport to the cell body. 
E)  substantially faster than transport to the cell body.

Question 8

Give one example of long-term regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis.

Accepted Answer

One example is the effect of stress on t

Question 9

Imagine that you are a scientist working to develop a drug that will increase acetylcholine signaling - specifically, your plan is to make more acetylcholine available at post-synaptic receptor sites. Based on your knowledge of neurotransmitter synthesis, storage, and degradation, provide one target mechanism that you could use to accomplish this goal.

Accepted Answer

One way to ensure that more acetylcholin

Question 10

The functional outcome of a common class of drugs, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, is to

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce the availability of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and ATP in the brain. 
B)  increase the availability of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. 
C)  reduce the availability of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. 
D)  increase the availability of neurotransmitters such as GABA and glycine in the brain. 
E)  reduce the availability of serotonin in the brain. 
A)  reduce the availability of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and ATP in the brain. 
B)  increase the availability of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. 
C)  reduce the availability of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. 
D)  increase the availability of neurotransmitters such as GABA and glycine in the brain. 
E)  reduce the availability of serotonin in the brain.

Question 11

What is the mechanism by which ATP and ACh are most often inactivated?

Accepted Answer

Both of these are usually inac

Question 12

Anterograde axonal transport is powered by _______ while retrograde transport is powered by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  myosins; kinesin 
B)  axoplasmic flow; myosins 
C)  kinesin; cytoplasmic dynein 
D)  microtubules; myosins 
E)  cytoplasmic dynein; axoplasmic flow 
A)  myosins; kinesin 
B)  axoplasmic flow; myosins 
C)  kinesin; cytoplasmic dynein 
D)  microtubules; myosins 
E)  cytoplasmic dynein; axoplasmic flow

Question 13

Scientists are attempting to characterize a novel neurotransmitter, neurotran-Y (NTY), which is synthesized by the enzyme neuro-y-oxidase (NYO) from a precursor, neuro-A. In an experiment they inject artificially high levels of NTY into the pre-synaptic terminal of a cell that releases NTY. Shortly thereafter, they measure the activity of NYO and observe that its activity has been suppressed. The scientists have found evidence for

Accepted Answer

A)  reuptake. 
B)  hydrolyzation. 
C)  co-transmission. 
D)  feedback inhibition. 
E)  fast axonal transport. 
A)  reuptake. 
B)  hydrolyzation. 
C)  co-transmission. 
D)  feedback inhibition. 
E)  fast axonal transport.

Question 14

Which of these correctly represents the sequence of norepinephrine synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  AAD, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine 
B)  DOPAC, dopamine, norepinephrine 
C)  Tyrosine, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine 
D)  DOPA, epinephrine, norepinephrine 
E)  Tyrosine, DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine 
A)  AAD, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine 
B)  DOPAC, dopamine, norepinephrine 
C)  Tyrosine, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine 
D)  DOPA, epinephrine, norepinephrine 
E)  Tyrosine, DOPA, dopamine, norepinephrine

Question 15

Give two examples of how the synthesis, transport, and/or inactivation of peptides differs from that of typical low molecular weight neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

One example is that peptides are usually

Question 16

Describe two differences between the synthesis and packaging of peptides compared to low-molecular-weight neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

One difference is that neuropeptides are

Question 17

Imagine that a hypothetical neurotransmitter, neurotran-X (NTX), is synthesized from two ingredients, neuro-A and tran-B. An enzyme, neurotranoxylase (NTO), is responsible for producing neurotran-X from the two ingredients. If the rate of synthesis of NTX is controlled through feedback inhibition, you would expect to observe experimentally

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing levels of NTO will lead to increased levels of NTX. 
B)  reducing levels of neuro-A will reduce levels of NTX. 
C)  increasing levels of NTX will lead to reduced activity of NTO. 
D)  reducing levels of neuro-A will lead to reduced activity of NTO. 
E)  reducing levels of NTX will lead to reduced activity of NTO. 
A)  increasing levels of NTO will lead to increased levels of NTX. 
B)  reducing levels of neuro-A will reduce levels of NTX. 
C)  increasing levels of NTX will lead to reduced activity of NTO. 
D)  reducing levels of neuro-A will lead to reduced activity of NTO. 
E)  reducing levels of NTX will lead to reduced activity of NTO.

Question 18

The movement of organelles and proteins toward the axon terminal is called _______ while the movement toward the cell body is called _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  top-down transport; bottom-up transport 
B)  anterograde transport; retrograde transport 
C)  axoplasmic flow; somatoplasmic flow 
D)  retrograde transport; anterograde transport 
E)  axonal transport; somatic transport 
A)  top-down transport; bottom-up transport 
B)  anterograde transport; retrograde transport 
C)  axoplasmic flow; somatoplasmic flow 
D)  retrograde transport; anterograde transport 
E)  axonal transport; somatic transport

Question 19

One of the mechanisms through which long-term changes to the rate of neurotransmitter synthesis are achieved is

Accepted Answer

A)  the production of new receptors for neurotransmitter reuptake. 
B)  the synthesis of new enzymes involved in neurotransmitter production. 
C)  the production of g-protein coupled receptors used for inhibitory feedback. 
D)  a reduction in the electrical excitability of neurons. 
E)  an increase the efficiency with which neurotransmitters are packed into vesicles. 
A)  the production of new receptors for neurotransmitter reuptake. 
B)  the synthesis of new enzymes involved in neurotransmitter production. 
C)  the production of g-protein coupled receptors used for inhibitory feedback. 
D)  a reduction in the electrical excitability of neurons. 
E)  an increase the efficiency with which neurotransmitters are packed into vesicles.

Question 20

Low-molecular-weight transmitters are packaged in _______, while neuropeptides are packaged in _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  small, dense-core vesicles; large, clear vesicles 
B)  small, clear vesicles; large, clear vesicles 
C)  large vesicles in the cell body; small vesicles in the axon terminal 
D)  large vesicles in the cytoplasm; small vesicles in the soma 
E)  small, clear vesicles; large, dense-core vesicles 
A)  small, dense-core vesicles; large, clear vesicles 
B)  small, clear vesicles; large, clear vesicles 
C)  large vesicles in the cell body; small vesicles in the axon terminal 
D)  large vesicles in the cytoplasm; small vesicles in the soma 
E)  small, clear vesicles; large, dense-core vesicles

Exam 15: Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

The duration of ACh activity at postsynaptic receptor sites is limited by

The action of peptide transmitters appears to be terminated primarily through

Given what you know about how the actions of neurotransmitters can be terminated, give two examples of how the effects of norepinephrine could be reduced at a synaptic receptor.

Relatively small quantities of neuropeptides are required for signaling, in part because

ChAT and AChE are

Unlike low-molecular-weight transmitters, neuropeptides are synthesized in

When organelles such as mitochondria and vesicles bind to microtubules to travel toward axon terminals, they move at a rate

Give one example of long-term regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis.

The functional outcome of a common class of drugs, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, is to

What is the mechanism by which ATP and ACh are most often inactivated?

Anterograde axonal transport is powered by _______ while retrograde transport is powered by _______.

Which of these correctly represents the sequence of norepinephrine synthesis?

Give two examples of how the synthesis, transport, and/or inactivation of peptides differs from that of typical low molecular weight neurotransmitters.

Describe two differences between the synthesis and packaging of peptides compared to low-molecular-weight neurotransmitters.

The movement of organelles and proteins toward the axon terminal is called _______ while the movement toward the cell body is called _______.

One of the mechanisms through which long-term changes to the rate of neurotransmitter synthesis are achieved is

Low-molecular-weight transmitters are packaged in _______, while neuropeptides are packaged in _______.

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

Filters

Anterograde axonal transport is powered by _ while retrograde transport is powered by _.

The movement of organelles and proteins toward the axon terminal is called _ while the movement toward the cell body is called _.

Low-molecular-weight transmitters are packaged in _, while neuropeptides are packaged in _.