Question 1

Which of the following areas can undergo iLTD?

Accepted Answer

CA1 pyramidal cells

Question 2

Explain how facilitation and potentiation at a frog neuromuscular junction is generally thought to involve an increased release probability.

Accepted Answer

The fractional release of neurotransmitter is dependent on the amount of calcium that enters the terminal through the voltage gated calcium channels This leads to an increase in available calcium, which leads to a increase in release probability.

Question 3

Which stimulus situations would lead to a form of LTP with a decay over 120 minutes and 80% potentiation that persists after two hours?

Accepted Answer

A)  A conditioning train of one pulse 
B)  A conditioning train of four pulses 
C)  A conditioning train of eight pulses 
D)  A single pulse every twenty seconds. 
E)  A single pulse every two seconds. 
A)  A conditioning train of one pulse 
B)  A conditioning train of four pulses 
C)  A conditioning train of eight pulses 
D)  A single pulse every twenty seconds. 
E)  A single pulse every two seconds. C

Question 4

Which is likely involved in aversive (or fear) conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  LTP in the amygdala 
B)  LTP in the cerebellum 
C)  LTP in the hippocampus 
D)  LTD in the cerebellum 
E)  iLTD in the hippocampus 
A)  LTP in the amygdala 
B)  LTP in the cerebellum 
C)  LTP in the hippocampus 
D)  LTD in the cerebellum 
E)  iLTD in the hippocampus

Question 5

What is the difference between post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) and augmentation?

Accepted Answer

A)  PTP lasts for minutes while augmentation lasts only for seconds. 
B)  Augmentation is an increase in the postsynaptic response amplitude while PTP is a reduced response. 
C)  Augmentation is a reduction in the postsynaptic response amplitude while PTP is an increased response. 
D)  PTP relates to current changes while augmentation leads to voltage changes. 
E)  PTP is a short-term change of synaptic strength while augmentation can last for hours. 
A)  PTP lasts for minutes while augmentation lasts only for seconds. 
B)  Augmentation is an increase in the postsynaptic response amplitude while PTP is a reduced response. 
C)  Augmentation is a reduction in the postsynaptic response amplitude while PTP is an increased response. 
D)  PTP relates to current changes while augmentation leads to voltage changes. 
E)  PTP is a short-term change of synaptic strength while augmentation can last for hours.

Question 6

Describe experimental evidence that supported the idea that increased intracellular calcium acts to modulate calcium channel function.

Accepted Answer

Researchers have studied the effects of

Question 7

Calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is necessary for LTP because

Accepted Answer

A)  once activated by calcium, it can auto-phosphorylate and activate itself after calcium concentration lowers. 
B)  once activated, it leads to the insertion of NMDA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane. 
C)  once activated, it leads to the removal of AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane. 
D)  once activated, it leads to gene expression. 
E)  it is necessary for glutamate binding to the NMDA receptor. 
A)  once activated by calcium, it can auto-phosphorylate and activate itself after calcium concentration lowers. 
B)  once activated, it leads to the insertion of NMDA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane. 
C)  once activated, it leads to the removal of AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane. 
D)  once activated, it leads to gene expression. 
E)  it is necessary for glutamate binding to the NMDA receptor.

Question 8

Which best describes what has been found with habituation in Aplysia in relation to LTD?

Accepted Answer

A)  Only presynaptic mechanisms are responsible. 
B)  Only postsynaptic mechanisms are responsible. 
C)  Only NMDA receptors are involved. 
D)  Only depletion of synaptic vesicles is involved. 
E)  Pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms are responsible. 
A)  Only presynaptic mechanisms are responsible. 
B)  Only postsynaptic mechanisms are responsible. 
C)  Only NMDA receptors are involved. 
D)  Only depletion of synaptic vesicles is involved. 
E)  Pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms are responsible.

Question 9

Which does not occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  LTP that is NMDA R dependent in the hippocampus. 
B)  Long-term changes in transmission at inhibitory synapses. 
C)  LTD that is NMDA R dependent in the cerebellum. 
D)  LTP dependent on increase in AMPA R number. 
E)  LTD dependent on increase in AMPA R number. 
A)  LTP that is NMDA R dependent in the hippocampus. 
B)  Long-term changes in transmission at inhibitory synapses. 
C)  LTD that is NMDA R dependent in the cerebellum. 
D)  LTP dependent on increase in AMPA R number. 
E)  LTD dependent on increase in AMPA R number.

Question 10

Which mediates iLTD?

Accepted Answer

A)  Activation of NMDA R 
B)  Activation of AMPA R 
C)  Activation of cannabinoid receptor 
D)  Activation of serotoninergic receptor 
E)  De-activation of NMDA R 
A)  Activation of NMDA R 
B)  Activation of AMPA R 
C)  Activation of cannabinoid receptor 
D)  Activation of serotoninergic receptor 
E)  De-activation of NMDA R

Question 11

Which scenario would lead to selectively blocking short-lasting LTP?

Accepted Answer

A)  Block of IP3 receptors 
B)  Block of ryanodine receptors 
C)  Block of voltage gated calcium channels 
D)  Block of voltage gated potassium channels 
E)  Block of voltage gated sodium channels 
A)  Block of IP3 receptors 
B)  Block of ryanodine receptors 
C)  Block of voltage gated calcium channels 
D)  Block of voltage gated potassium channels 
E)  Block of voltage gated sodium channels

Question 12

Which is involved in LTD expression?

Accepted Answer

A)  An increase in postsynaptic sensitivity to applied glutamate. 
B)  An increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials. 
C)  A reduction in postsynaptic sensitivity to applied glutamate. 
D)  An increased probability of neurotransmitter release. 
E)  A depletion of synaptic vesicles. 
A)  An increase in postsynaptic sensitivity to applied glutamate. 
B)  An increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic potentials. 
C)  A reduction in postsynaptic sensitivity to applied glutamate. 
D)  An increased probability of neurotransmitter release. 
E)  A depletion of synaptic vesicles.

Question 13

Which is the location of the ryanodine receptors involved in short lasting LTP?

Accepted Answer

A)  Postsynaptic membrane 
B)  Presynaptic membrane 
C)  Endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Nucleus 
E)  Nissl bodies 
A)  Postsynaptic membrane 
B)  Presynaptic membrane 
C)  Endoplasmic reticulum 
D)  Nucleus 
E)  Nissl bodies

Question 14

In the cerebellum, homosynaptic LTD is involved with

Accepted Answer

A)  AMPA receptors. 
B)  NMDA receptors. 
C)  GABA receptors. 
D)  mGlu receptors. 
E)  cholinergic receptors. 
A)  AMPA receptors. 
B)  NMDA receptors. 
C)  GABA receptors. 
D)  mGlu receptors. 
E)  cholinergic receptors.

Question 15

Which of the following is preferentially activated at low calcium concentrations?

Accepted Answer

A)  CaMKII 
B)  Protein phosphatase 2B 
C)  Calmodulin 
D)  NMDA receptors 
E)  Transcriptase 
A)  CaMKII 
B)  Protein phosphatase 2B 
C)  Calmodulin 
D)  NMDA receptors 
E)  Transcriptase

Question 16

Which is needed for NMDA receptor channels to allow calcium to enter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Magnesium must be located in the pore of the channel. 
B)  The postsynaptic membrane needs to be depolarized. 
C)  Glutamate needs to be released. 
D)  Glutamate needs to be released and he postsynaptic membrane needs to be depolarized. 
E)  Glycine needs to be released. 
A)  Magnesium must be located in the pore of the channel. 
B)  The postsynaptic membrane needs to be depolarized. 
C)  Glutamate needs to be released. 
D)  Glutamate needs to be released and he postsynaptic membrane needs to be depolarized. 
E)  Glycine needs to be released.

Question 17

Devise an experiment to determine if calcium accumulation is involved in facilitation.

Accepted Answer

Use of buffers that chelate ca

Question 18

Which represents the method of calcium entry in cerebellar Purkinje cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  NMDA R 
B)  AMPA R 
C)  Voltage sensitive calcium channels 
D)  NMDA & AMPA R 
E)  Ryanodine R 
A)  NMDA R 
B)  AMPA R 
C)  Voltage sensitive calcium channels 
D)  NMDA & AMPA R 
E)  Ryanodine R

Question 19

Eric Kandell showed that repeated tactile stimulation of the siphon or mantle in Aplysia is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  augmentation at an identified synapse. 
B)  sensitization at an identified synapse. 
C)  potentiation at an identified synapse. 
D)  facilitation at an identified synapse. 
E)  depression at an identified synapse. 
A)  augmentation at an identified synapse. 
B)  sensitization at an identified synapse. 
C)  potentiation at an identified synapse. 
D)  facilitation at an identified synapse. 
E)  depression at an identified synapse.

Question 20

Describe the work of Bliss and Lomo in 1973 at glutamatergic synapse in the hippocampal formation and their major conclusions.

Accepted Answer

Showed that high frequency sti

Exam 16: Synaptic Plasticity

Which of the following areas can undergo iLTD?

Explain how facilitation and potentiation at a frog neuromuscular junction is generally thought to involve an increased release probability.

Which stimulus situations would lead to a form of LTP with a decay over 120 minutes and 80% potentiation that persists after two hours?

Which is likely involved in aversive (or fear) conditioning?

What is the difference between post-tetanic potentiation (PTP) and augmentation?

Describe experimental evidence that supported the idea that increased intracellular calcium acts to modulate calcium channel function.

Calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is necessary for LTP because

Which best describes what has been found with habituation in Aplysia in relation to LTD?

Which does not occur?

Which mediates iLTD?

Which scenario would lead to selectively blocking short-lasting LTP?

Which is involved in LTD expression?

Which is the location of the ryanodine receptors involved in short lasting LTP?

In the cerebellum, homosynaptic LTD is involved with

Which of the following is preferentially activated at low calcium concentrations?

Which is needed for NMDA receptor channels to allow calcium to enter?

Devise an experiment to determine if calcium accumulation is involved in facilitation.

Which represents the method of calcium entry in cerebellar Purkinje cells?

Eric Kandell showed that repeated tactile stimulation of the siphon or mantle in Aplysia is associated with

Describe the work of Bliss and Lomo in 1973 at glutamatergic synapse in the hippocampal formation and their major conclusions.

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

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