Question 1

Which is a known antagonist to morphine?

Accepted Answer

A)  MK-801 
B)  Naloxone 
C)  Strychnine 
D)  Arsenic 
E)  TTX 
A)  MK-801 
B)  Naloxone 
C)  Strychnine 
D)  Arsenic 
E)  TTX B

Question 2

Which of the following is an effect of GABA?

Accepted Answer

A)  It inhibits muscle fibers in invertebrate systems. 
B)  It excites muscle fibers in vertebrate systems. 
C)  It is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. 
D)  It is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord. 
E)  It reduces conductance of chloride. 
A)  It inhibits muscle fibers in invertebrate systems. 
B)  It excites muscle fibers in vertebrate systems. 
C)  It is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. 
D)  It is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord. 
E)  It reduces conductance of chloride. A

Question 3

Compare the inactivation of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction to glutamate at a synapse in the CNS.

Accepted Answer

Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction is degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase into acetate and choline. Glutamate are rapidly taken up by pumps in the presynaptic membrane of the releasing neuron and by nearby glial cells.

Question 4

Describe the action of GABAB receptors that are located postsynaptically.

Accepted Answer

Binding at this receptor leads to openin

Question 5

Explain what is meant by "volume transmission" of acetylcholine.

Accepted Answer

While some of the cholinergic axons to t

Question 6

Which of the following leads to increased bonding between female voles?

Accepted Answer

A)  Substance P 
B)  Orexin 
C)  Oxytocin 
D)  Ghrelin 
E)  GABA 
A)  Substance P 
B)  Orexin 
C)  Oxytocin 
D)  Ghrelin 
E)  GABA

Question 7

Substance P's role in the nervous system is to relay information regarding which stimuli?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acute pain 
B)  Prolonged pain 
C)  Color in vision 
D)  Texture in vision 
E)  Motor action 
A)  Acute pain 
B)  Prolonged pain 
C)  Color in vision 
D)  Texture in vision 
E)  Motor action

Question 8

The primary effect of norepinephrine on target neurons in the hippocampus is to

Accepted Answer

A)  enhance the voltage gated calcium channels. 
B)  enhance NMDA receptors allowing increased calcium current. 
C)  inhibit the slow calcium activated potassium current. 
D)  block opioid receptors leading to pain. 
E)  co-activate serotonergic receptors. 
A)  enhance the voltage gated calcium channels. 
B)  enhance NMDA receptors allowing increased calcium current. 
C)  inhibit the slow calcium activated potassium current. 
D)  block opioid receptors leading to pain. 
E)  co-activate serotonergic receptors.

Question 9

Substance P works at which receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  NMDA 
B)  AMPA 
C)  Nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) 
D)  Antihistamine 
E)  NK 
A)  NMDA 
B)  AMPA 
C)  Nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) 
D)  Antihistamine 
E)  NK

Question 10

Which synapse is a model for GABAergic action?

Accepted Answer

A)  Schaffer collaterals of the hippocampus 
B)  Crustacean NMJ 
C)  Frog NMJ 
D)  Substantia nigra compacta projections to striatum 
E)  Interneurons onto dorsal horn sensory cells in the spinal cord 
A)  Schaffer collaterals of the hippocampus 
B)  Crustacean NMJ 
C)  Frog NMJ 
D)  Substantia nigra compacta projections to striatum 
E)  Interneurons onto dorsal horn sensory cells in the spinal cord

Question 11

What is the role of orexinergic neurons in sensing the nutritional state of an animal x?

Accepted Answer

Orexinergic neurons act as sensors of th

Question 12

Facilitation of pair bonding involves suppression of the normal fear response which is generated in the

Accepted Answer

A)  red nucleus. 
B)  locus coeruleus. 
C)  raphe nucleus. 
D)  amygdala. 
E)  periaqueductal gray matter. 
A)  red nucleus. 
B)  locus coeruleus. 
C)  raphe nucleus. 
D)  amygdala. 
E)  periaqueductal gray matter.

Question 13

What is the role of acetylcholine at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction?

Accepted Answer

A)  It leads to hyperpolarization of post synaptic membrane potential. 
B)  It triggers a cascade of phosphorylations that lead to gene transcription factors being activated. 
C)  It directs excitation of the post synaptic membrane. 
D)  It leads to presynaptic autoinhibition. 
E)  It binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors. 
A)  It leads to hyperpolarization of post synaptic membrane potential. 
B)  It triggers a cascade of phosphorylations that lead to gene transcription factors being activated. 
C)  It directs excitation of the post synaptic membrane. 
D)  It leads to presynaptic autoinhibition. 
E)  It binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Question 14

Which is not an example of an indirect transmitter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Norepinephrine 
B)  ATP 
C)  γ-aminobutyric acid 
D)  5-HT 
E)  Histamine 
A)  Norepinephrine 
B)  ATP 
C)  γ-aminobutyric acid 
D)  5-HT 
E)  Histamine

Question 15

Explain how you would determine experimentally the functional aspect of a specific neuron in vivo.

Accepted Answer

If interested in a particular neuron, yo

Question 16

What is the function of vasopressin in renal homeostasis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increases sleepiness 
B)  Promotes water reabsorption 
C)  Increases wakefulness 
D)  Increases appetite 
E)  Increases glucose levels in blood 
A)  Increases sleepiness 
B)  Promotes water reabsorption 
C)  Increases wakefulness 
D)  Increases appetite 
E)  Increases glucose levels in blood

Question 17

In your research activities you are observing at neuron 1 synapse onto neuron 2. You are able to record presynaptically from neuron 1 and you find a consistent duration of the action potential. However, if you apply enkephalin, you find a much shorter duration action potential. What is the likely mechanism underlying your observation?

Accepted Answer

Enkephalin is likely being released near

Question 18

Which area of the CNS is involved in social behavior that is regulated by vasopressin and oxytocin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Red nucleus 
B)  Prefrontal cortex 
C)  Locus coeruleus 
D)  Raphe nucleus 
E)  Periaqueductal gray matter 
A)  Red nucleus 
B)  Prefrontal cortex 
C)  Locus coeruleus 
D)  Raphe nucleus 
E)  Periaqueductal gray matter

Question 19

What type of receptors do enkephalins activate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cholinergic 
B)  Adrenergic 
C)  Glutaminergic 
D)  Opioid 
E)  GABAergic 
A)  Cholinergic 
B)  Adrenergic 
C)  Glutaminergic 
D)  Opioid 
E)  GABAergic

Question 20

Which receptor leads to fast currents when glutamate is released presynaptically?

Accepted Answer

A)  NMDA receptors 
B)  Kainate receptors 
C)  Opioid receptors 
D)  Cholinergic receptors 
E)  AMPA receptors 
A)  NMDA receptors 
B)  Kainate receptors 
C)  Opioid receptors 
D)  Cholinergic receptors 
E)  AMPA receptors

Exam 14: Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Which is a known antagonist to morphine?

Which of the following is an effect of GABA?

Compare the inactivation of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction to glutamate at a synapse in the CNS.

Describe the action of GABAB receptors that are located postsynaptically.

Explain what is meant by "volume transmission" of acetylcholine.

Which of the following leads to increased bonding between female voles?

Substance P's role in the nervous system is to relay information regarding which stimuli?

The primary effect of norepinephrine on target neurons in the hippocampus is to

Substance P works at which receptor?

Which synapse is a model for GABAergic action?

What is the role of orexinergic neurons in sensing the nutritional state of an animal x?

Facilitation of pair bonding involves suppression of the normal fear response which is generated in the

What is the role of acetylcholine at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction?

Which is not an example of an indirect transmitter?

Explain how you would determine experimentally the functional aspect of a specific neuron in vivo.

What is the function of vasopressin in renal homeostasis?

Which area of the CNS is involved in social behavior that is regulated by vasopressin and oxytocin?

What type of receptors do enkephalins activate?

Which receptor leads to fast currents when glutamate is released presynaptically?

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

Filters

Describe the action of GABA_Breceptors that are located postsynaptically.