Question 1

An exaptation is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic trait that was not selected for the function it currently performs. 
B)  exception to, or contradiction of, the natural selection mechanism of evolution. 
C)  genetic trait that was once beneficial but is no longer necessary or useful. 
D)  particularly fast form of evolutionary change that occurs when the genetic pool is restricted. 
A)  genetic trait that was not selected for the function it currently performs. 
B)  exception to, or contradiction of, the natural selection mechanism of evolution. 
C)  genetic trait that was once beneficial but is no longer necessary or useful. 
D)  particularly fast form of evolutionary change that occurs when the genetic pool is restricted.

Question 2

Which learning theory approach best describes learning about causes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Wagner's SOP, because it describes mental events 
B)  No particular approach, because all associative learning theories are challenged by the problem of how to represent causal power. 
C)  Connectionist modeling, because it is also effective for category learning 
D)  A hidden unit approach within connectionist modeling, because it allows for solving complex reasoning problems like negative patterning 
A)  Wagner's SOP, because it describes mental events 
B)  No particular approach, because all associative learning theories are challenged by the problem of how to represent causal power. 
C)  Connectionist modeling, because it is also effective for category learning 
D)  A hidden unit approach within connectionist modeling, because it allows for solving complex reasoning problems like negative patterning

Question 3

Learning can sometimes occur with an unusually long delay between stimuli, particularly in taste aversion, which was a problem for the generality of the laws of learning. This problem was mediated by which observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Under some conditions taste and illness are no more associable than a taste and shock. 
B)  Taste aversion learning is less susceptible to latent inhibition than other forms of learning. 
C)  There are fewer relevant interfering stimuli that can occur between a taste and an illness than between most other CS's and US's. 
D)  Rats that remain in a maze during a long delay before receiving the reward learn surprisingly well. 
A)  Under some conditions taste and illness are no more associable than a taste and shock. 
B)  Taste aversion learning is less susceptible to latent inhibition than other forms of learning. 
C)  There are fewer relevant interfering stimuli that can occur between a taste and an illness than between most other CS's and US's. 
D)  Rats that remain in a maze during a long delay before receiving the reward learn surprisingly well.

Question 4

In taste aversion learning studies, researchers have argued that

Accepted Answer

A)  interference from other relevant stimuli is typically minimal or absent. 
B)  interference from other stimuli prevents forgetting of the taste aversion. 
C)  interference is not an important factor regulating the strength of taste aversion learning. 
D)  interference effects are typically the reason that taste aversions are relatively rare. 
A)  interference from other relevant stimuli is typically minimal or absent. 
B)  interference from other stimuli prevents forgetting of the taste aversion. 
C)  interference is not an important factor regulating the strength of taste aversion learning. 
D)  interference effects are typically the reason that taste aversions are relatively rare.

Question 5

Refer to the figure below. What do the networks best describe?

Accepted Answer

A)  The left can describe why effects do not compete for associative strength and the right describes why causes do compete. 
B)  The right can describe why effects do not compete for associative strength and the left describes why causes do compete. 
C)  The left describes a focal set while the right describes category learning. 
D)  When combined, they represent the probabilistic contrast model. 
A)  The left can describe why effects do not compete for associative strength and the right describes why causes do compete. 
B)  The right can describe why effects do not compete for associative strength and the left describes why causes do compete. 
C)  The left describes a focal set while the right describes category learning. 
D)  When combined, they represent the probabilistic contrast model.

Question 6

The Perruchet effect is seen as a challenge for accounts of learning based on

Accepted Answer

A)  probabilistic contrast. 
B)  models such as Rescorla-Wagner. 
C)  propositional reasoning. 
D)  connectionist modeling. 
A)  probabilistic contrast. 
B)  models such as Rescorla-Wagner. 
C)  propositional reasoning. 
D)  connectionist modeling.

Question 7

Explain Seligman's ideas on preparedness, and evaluate the challenges they pose to the
assumption that there is generality of learning laws.

Accepted Answer

Seligman assumed that evolution has prod

Question 8

According to Seligman, when evolution does not favor the learning of an association, that association is

Accepted Answer

A)  contraprepared. 
B)  undisposed. 
C)  prepared. 
D)  conditionally prepared. 
A)  contraprepared. 
B)  undisposed. 
C)  prepared. 
D)  conditionally prepared.

Question 9

You have a blocking scenario set up where some arbitrary cue (A) predicts an outcome (+). In a second phase, cue A and arbitrary cue B together predict the outcome. How would you describe or present the events in your task to participants to obtain blocking, and how would you describe it to prevent blocking?

Accepted Answer

To obtain blocking describe A and B as c

Question 10

Compound potentiation seems analogous to _______ in conditioned taste aversion.

Accepted Answer

A)  overshadowing 
B)  conditioned suppression 
C)  US reevaluation 
D)  CS salience enhancement 
A)  overshadowing 
B)  conditioned suppression 
C)  US reevaluation 
D)  CS salience enhancement

Question 11

The probabilistic contrast model, which can explain backward blocking, ignores something that is critical in other models of learning. What is missing?

Accepted Answer

A)  The ability to explain simple forward blocking. 
B)  The ability to explain conditioned inhibition. 
C)  The ability to account for trial order effects. 
D)  The ability to explain latent inhibition. 
A)  The ability to explain simple forward blocking. 
B)  The ability to explain conditioned inhibition. 
C)  The ability to account for trial order effects. 
D)  The ability to explain latent inhibition.

Question 12

Taste aversion associations are weaker at CS-US pairing intervals beyond 8 hours. Researchers have argued that this finding is due to the subject's

Accepted Answer

A)  forgetting about its experience with the CS. 
B)  learning that the new taste cue is safe. 
C)  confusing which stimulus is signaling illness. 
D)  learning that the stimulus is irrelevant. 
A)  forgetting about its experience with the CS. 
B)  learning that the new taste cue is safe. 
C)  confusing which stimulus is signaling illness. 
D)  learning that the stimulus is irrelevant.

Question 13

Discuss how evolution can lead to both adaptive specialization and general learning laws. Support your answer with examples not used in the textbook or in class.

Accepted Answer

Evolution can develop a solution to one

Question 14

Discuss why taste-odor potentiation was considered a challenge to generality, and evaluate the strength of that challenge.

Accepted Answer

Taste-odor potentiation occurs when an o

An exaptation is a(n)

Which learning theory approach best describes learning about causes?

Learning can sometimes occur with an unusually long delay between stimuli, particularly in taste aversion, which was a problem for the generality of the laws of learning. This problem was mediated by which observation?

In taste aversion learning studies, researchers have argued that

Refer to the figure below. What do the networks best describe?

The Perruchet effect is seen as a challenge for accounts of learning based on

Explain Seligman's ideas on preparedness, and evaluate the challenges they pose to the assumption that there is generality of learning laws.

According to Seligman, when evolution does not favor the learning of an association, that association is

Compound potentiation seems analogous to _______ in conditioned taste aversion.

The probabilistic contrast model, which can explain backward blocking, ignores something that is critical in other models of learning. What is missing?

Taste aversion associations are weaker at CS-US pairing intervals beyond 8 hours. Researchers have argued that this finding is due to the subject's

Discuss how evolution can lead to both adaptive specialization and general learning laws. Support your answer with examples not used in the textbook or in class.

Discuss why taste-odor potentiation was considered a challenge to generality, and evaluate the strength of that challenge.

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 6: Are the Laws of Conditioning General

An exaptation is a(n)

Which learning theory approach best describes learning about causes?

Learning can sometimes occur with an unusually long delay between stimuli, particularly in taste aversion, which was a problem for the generality of the laws of learning. This problem was mediated by which observation?

In taste aversion learning studies, researchers have argued that

Refer to the figure below. What do the networks best describe?

The Perruchet effect is seen as a challenge for accounts of learning based on

Explain Seligman's ideas on preparedness, and evaluate the challenges they pose to the assumption that there is generality of learning laws.

According to Seligman, when evolution does not favor the learning of an association, that association is

Compound potentiation seems analogous to _______ in conditioned taste aversion.

The probabilistic contrast model, which can explain backward blocking, ignores something that is critical in other models of learning. What is missing?

Taste aversion associations are weaker at CS-US pairing intervals beyond 8 hours. Researchers have argued that this finding is due to the subject's

Discuss how evolution can lead to both adaptive specialization and general learning laws. Support your answer with examples not used in the textbook or in class.

Discuss why taste-odor potentiation was considered a challenge to generality, and evaluate the strength of that challenge.

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters