Exam 3: The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

When researchers pair two conditioned excitors or two conditioned inhibitors, they typically observe

A situation in which the CS elicits a response that looks like the response that is supposed to be conditioned is referred to as

Refer to the following description of a dog training procedure to answer the questions that follow. Clicker training, which involves pairing a metallic clicking sound with a food treat, is used in training animals. Initially, the click is meaningless, but as the number of click-food treat pairings increases, the animal (e.g., a dog) appears to develop an expectation that a click signals a food treat. Thus the dog approaches, looks at the handler, and appears excited (e.g., wagging tail, drooling, etc.). -One explanation of what is learned in classical conditioning studies is that the subject forms an association between the clicker and excitement, drooling, and attention. Thus the training illustrates the phenomenon of _______ learning.

Refer to the scenario below to answer the questions that follow. While you are stopped at a traffic light and listening to a new song on the radio, you are rear-ended by the driver behind you. You suffer mild whiplash and minor bruising, and you are terribly frightened by the accident. Weeks later, you still get anxious whenever you hear the song that was on the radio at the time of the accident. -Based on one explanation of what is learned in classical conditioning studies, an association would be formed between the fear generated by being in an accident and the song that was playing on the radio at the time of the accident. If such an association formed, it would represent an example of _______ learning.

Battery chargers for tools, cell phones, and other electronic devices typically show one signal when charging (e.g., flashing icon, message, red light) and a different signal when charging is complete (e.g., static icon, message, green light). This system is an application of

Refer to the following description of a dog training procedure to answer the questions that follow. Clicker training, which involves pairing a metallic clicking sound with a food treat, is used in training animals. Initially, the click is meaningless, but as the number of click-food treat pairings increases, the animal (e.g., a dog) appears to develop an expectation that a click signals a food treat. Thus the dog approaches, looks at the handler, and appears excited (e.g., wagging tail, drooling, etc.). -If the animal later encounters the food treat somewhere else, and it makes the animal sick, how will the animal respond to the click afterward?

In the retardation-of-acquisition test for inhibition, the researcher first

The first time Karen opened the closet door in her new apartment, she was frightened by a clown doll that was left by the previous tenants. Now she refuses to use the closet, and the only thing she will say about it is "I don't like that closet." How would you determine whether she has associated the closet with the doll (S-S) or with the fear response (S-R)?

If the response to the US changes, the response to the CS also changes. This observation best supports the conclusion that associations

As you are driving your younger brother to basketball practice, he notices that the wheels of the truck in front of your car have thrown up a rock. Milliseconds after the rock hits the windshield your brother yells "incoming!" Later, the word "incoming" can elicit a _______ expectation that a rock will hit the windshield because of the phenomenon of _______.

When researchers present one stimulus with a US and a second stimulus without a US, the inhibitory conditioning procedure is referred to as _______ training.

For blocking to occur,

For overshadowing to occur,

Eric is in a smoking study at a pharmacology lab. Every time the handle on the machine in front of him wiggles, a cigarette is delivered. After a few parings, he begins to reach out to wiggle the handle. Which statement is true?

For one week, a 15-second cartoon keeps appearing on TV showing an animated purple frog hopping and dancing around to some unfamiliar zyedeco music. The frog and music capture your attention, but you cannot figure out why the segment is being shown. The next week, you see a new commercial showing people eating and partying at a New Orleans‒style restaurant with waitstaff wearing the same purple frog on their shirts. A voice-over gives the name of the new restaurant-The Purple Frog-and describes specialties on the menu. You decide to try the new restaurant for yourself. Later that week, you are in the car when the zyedeco music from the first week's cartoon plays on the radio. You immediately turn to your friend and say "Hey, that's an ad for the Purple Frog Restaurant, let's go there for lunch." Although the zyedeco music was not actually played either in the commercial or at the restaurant itself, you assume that you are hearing a commercial for the restaurant because of the classical conditioning process of

You are talking on your cell phone while driving your younger sister to soccer practice. Because you are distracted, you do not notice that the driver in front of you is slowing down to make a right turn. You hit the car in front of you just as your younger sister screams "Look out!" Despite the fact that your sister's scream did not prevent the collision, you react quickly the next time someone yells "Look out!" What kind of conditioning has occurred here?

Diagram and label the four ways CSs and USs can be paired, and indicate their relative effectiveness in producing classical conditioning.

Which of the following is not a typical feature of effective conditioned-suppression preparations?

Generalization is a process by which subjects respond

In an experiment with rats, a researcher first pairs a light with a shock for 20 trials, and then pairs a light-and-tone compound with the same shock. When the rats are tested with trials of the tone only, the light only, and the light-tone compound only, the researcher finds that the subjects show fear responses with