Question 1

Which statement best describes a fixed action pattern?

Accepted Answer

A)  A behavior learned within the first few hours after birth 
B)  A behavior that becomes automatic and stereotyped 
C)  An apparently unlearned behavior that is demonstrated by all members of a species 
D)  An organism's disposition to act in certain ways that can be overridden by learning 
A)  A behavior learned within the first few hours after birth 
B)  A behavior that becomes automatic and stereotyped 
C)  An apparently unlearned behavior that is demonstrated by all members of a species 
D)  An organism's disposition to act in certain ways that can be overridden by learning

Question 2

Researchers studying the conditioned compensatory response have found that

Accepted Answer

A)  only the effectiveness of narcotics and sedatives are diminished. 
B)  only the effectiveness of antibiotics and stimulants are diminished. 
C)  conditioned tolerance effects can reduce the likelihood of drug overdose. 
D)  animals, but not humans, develop conditioned compensatory drug responses. 
A)  only the effectiveness of narcotics and sedatives are diminished. 
B)  only the effectiveness of antibiotics and stimulants are diminished. 
C)  conditioned tolerance effects can reduce the likelihood of drug overdose. 
D)  animals, but not humans, develop conditioned compensatory drug responses.

Question 3

The concept of preparedness refers to the extent to which the

Accepted Answer

A)  researcher has selected the most effective training procedure. 
B)  animal or human is motivated to learn an association. 
C)  the response to be learned has a natural relationship with the outcome. 
D)  classical and instrumental associations must be formed for the organism to be prepared. 
A)  researcher has selected the most effective training procedure. 
B)  animal or human is motivated to learn an association. 
C)  the response to be learned has a natural relationship with the outcome. 
D)  classical and instrumental associations must be formed for the organism to be prepared.

Question 4

Travis drinks several beers in the same bar every weekend without consequence. One Saturday he sees some friends in the bar as he walks by. He stops in to say "Hello," but does not have a beer. As he is about to leave, he begins to feel nauseated and has a bad headache, as if he had a hangover. Travis could be experiencing

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned taste aversion learning. 
B)  positive sign tracking. 
C)  negative sign tracking. 
D)  conditioned compensatory responding. 
A)  conditioned taste aversion learning. 
B)  positive sign tracking. 
C)  negative sign tracking. 
D)  conditioned compensatory responding.

Question 5

Which statement about shaping is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Shaping is an effective technique for creating simple or complex behaviors. 
B)  Shaping can be used to increase or decrease the frequency or distribution of behaviors. 
C)  Shaping is a procedure that is equally effective with animals and humans. 
D)  Shaping seldom occurs in the natural world, and for this reason behavior change relies more on other processes. 
A)  Shaping is an effective technique for creating simple or complex behaviors. 
B)  Shaping can be used to increase or decrease the frequency or distribution of behaviors. 
C)  Shaping is a procedure that is equally effective with animals and humans. 
D)  Shaping seldom occurs in the natural world, and for this reason behavior change relies more on other processes.

Question 6

Extinction is a learning process in which

Accepted Answer

A)  punishments cause a rapid reduction or elimination of an inappropriate or dangerous response. 
B)  a subject is taught that an event or behavior that previously was predictive of a particular outcome is no longer predictive. 
C)  a reflexive behavior that was once adaptive now becomes a threat to the animal's survival due to environmental changes. 
D)  animals acquire cues and behaviors that allow them to compete successfully enough to eliminate the competitors in their niche. 
A)  punishments cause a rapid reduction or elimination of an inappropriate or dangerous response. 
B)  a subject is taught that an event or behavior that previously was predictive of a particular outcome is no longer predictive. 
C)  a reflexive behavior that was once adaptive now becomes a threat to the animal's survival due to environmental changes. 
D)  animals acquire cues and behaviors that allow them to compete successfully enough to eliminate the competitors in their niche.

Question 7

Punishment is a procedure in which _______ every time the subject performs a particular behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  an aversive stimulus is removed 
B)  a desirable event occurs 
C)  a desirable outcome is removed 
D)  an aversive event occurs 
A)  an aversive stimulus is removed 
B)  a desirable event occurs 
C)  a desirable outcome is removed 
D)  an aversive event occurs

Question 8

In the context of natural selection, "fitness" refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  ability of an organism to produce viable offspring. 
B)  body weight of the organism. 
C)  ability of an organism to survive. 
D)  difference between the mental and physical age of an organism. 
A)  ability of an organism to produce viable offspring. 
B)  body weight of the organism. 
C)  ability of an organism to survive. 
D)  difference between the mental and physical age of an organism.

Question 9

In the study by Karen Hollis, fish and birds that were given a cue prior to being exposed to a potential mate or rival were

Accepted Answer

A)  only able to associate the cue with a threatening rival, preparing them for defense. 
B)  only able to associate the cue with a potential mate, preparing them to defend against competitors. 
C)  able to associate different cues with either a potential mate or rival, leaving them better prepared for what was forthcoming. 
D)  able to form distinct cue‒outcome associations that signaled a potential mate or rival, but could not learn both associations. 
A)  only able to associate the cue with a threatening rival, preparing them for defense. 
B)  only able to associate the cue with a potential mate, preparing them to defend against competitors. 
C)  able to associate different cues with either a potential mate or rival, leaving them better prepared for what was forthcoming. 
D)  able to form distinct cue‒outcome associations that signaled a potential mate or rival, but could not learn both associations.

Question 10

Punishment training involves the _______ of _______ event following a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  presentation; a pleasant 
B)  removal; a pleasant 
C)  presentation; an aversive 
D)  removal; an aversive 
A)  presentation; a pleasant 
B)  removal; a pleasant 
C)  presentation; an aversive 
D)  removal; an aversive

Question 11

Which statement best describes habituation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Habituation occurs in all animal species. 
B)  Habituation is a simple form of associative learning. 
C)  Habituation occurs only with extensive instrumental practice. 
D)  Habituation occurs with simple intense stimuli but not complex stimuli. 
A)  Habituation occurs in all animal species. 
B)  Habituation is a simple form of associative learning. 
C)  Habituation occurs only with extensive instrumental practice. 
D)  Habituation occurs with simple intense stimuli but not complex stimuli.

Question 12

Natural selection is

Accepted Answer

A)  a rapid process that changes features of an organism in just one generation. 
B)  a superior method of adaptation relative to learning because it benefits all members of the species. 
C)  based on a fitness criterion: that is, the fastest, largest, strongest, most distinctly marked members of the species are most likely to survive. 
D)  a process that enables the genetic transmission of both physical features and behaviors. 
A)  a rapid process that changes features of an organism in just one generation. 
B)  a superior method of adaptation relative to learning because it benefits all members of the species. 
C)  based on a fitness criterion: that is, the fastest, largest, strongest, most distinctly marked members of the species are most likely to survive. 
D)  a process that enables the genetic transmission of both physical features and behaviors.

Question 13

Describe, with a concrete example, how you could use an omission versus punishment contingency to influence someone's behavior.

Accepted Answer

A pupil acting up in class could have hi

Question 14

Some pigeons landed in a park near a woman wearing a large, bright orange hat. The lady fed the pigeons as she walked through the park, and the pigeons began to follow her wherever she went. On future visits, when wearing her flashy hat, the pigeons often landed on her hat. Discuss possible reasons why the pigeons developed these behaviors, both following the woman in the park and landing on her hat.

Accepted Answer

Approaching the lady the first time was

Question 15

Ethologists study

Accepted Answer

A)  the adaptive benefits of an organism's physical features (e.g., feather coloration, fur length, body size). 
B)  the extent to which learned behaviors can be transmitted to the offspring of the next generation. 
C)  the fossil records of the body features of similar species in order to predict probable behavior patterns. 
D)  naturally occurring behaviors of organisms in their natural settings. 
A)  the adaptive benefits of an organism's physical features (e.g., feather coloration, fur length, body size). 
B)  the extent to which learned behaviors can be transmitted to the offspring of the next generation. 
C)  the fossil records of the body features of similar species in order to predict probable behavior patterns. 
D)  naturally occurring behaviors of organisms in their natural settings.

Question 16

Reward involves the _______ of _______ event following a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  presentation; a pleasant 
B)  removal; a pleasant 
C)  presentation; an aversive 
D)  removal; an aversive 
A)  presentation; a pleasant 
B)  removal; a pleasant 
C)  presentation; an aversive 
D)  removal; an aversive

Question 17

The concept of fitness means that compared to the less successful members of a species, the more successful members are

Accepted Answer

A)  more similar to each other. 
B)  more likely to have offspring that reproduce. 
C)  likely to live longer. 
D)  bigger, faster, or stronger. 
A)  more similar to each other. 
B)  more likely to have offspring that reproduce. 
C)  likely to live longer. 
D)  bigger, faster, or stronger.

Question 18

Which scenario involves escape?

Accepted Answer

A)  Kevin loses his computer game privileges for one week because he pushed his sister off the deck. 
B)  Matt is required to do his sister's chores as well as his own for one week after refusing to give her a ride home from the dance. 
C)  Maddie skips her history class and then decides to go off-campus for lunch when she sees her history professor walking to the cafeteria. 
D)  Ashley's hands hurt from a morning spent pruning bushes and weeding, and so she finds a pair of gardening gloves to wear while she finishes her yardwork. 
A)  Kevin loses his computer game privileges for one week because he pushed his sister off the deck. 
B)  Matt is required to do his sister's chores as well as his own for one week after refusing to give her a ride home from the dance. 
C)  Maddie skips her history class and then decides to go off-campus for lunch when she sees her history professor walking to the cafeteria. 
D)  Ashley's hands hurt from a morning spent pruning bushes and weeding, and so she finds a pair of gardening gloves to wear while she finishes her yardwork.

Question 19

The kind of reinforcement operating in a particular scenario is defined by

Accepted Answer

A)  the type of outcome used. 
B)  the effect of the outcome on behavior. 
C)  whether the outcome precedes or follows the behavior. 
D)  whether the behavior is voluntary or involuntary. 
A)  the type of outcome used. 
B)  the effect of the outcome on behavior. 
C)  whether the outcome precedes or follows the behavior. 
D)  whether the behavior is voluntary or involuntary.

Question 20

A conditioned compensatory response is

Accepted Answer

A)  an instrumentally conditioned analgesic response that increases drug effectiveness. 
B)  an instrumentally conditioned extinction response that decreases drug effectiveness. 
C)  a classically conditioned fear response to cues associated with past embarrassing situations or events. 
D)  a classically conditioned response to cues associated with the environment in which the drug is used or administered. 
A)  an instrumentally conditioned analgesic response that increases drug effectiveness. 
B)  an instrumentally conditioned extinction response that decreases drug effectiveness. 
C)  a classically conditioned fear response to cues associated with past embarrassing situations or events. 
D)  a classically conditioned response to cues associated with the environment in which the drug is used or administered.

Which statement best describes a fixed action pattern?

Researchers studying the conditioned compensatory response have found that

The concept of preparedness refers to the extent to which the

Which statement about shaping is false?

Extinction is a learning process in which

Punishment is a procedure in which _______ every time the subject performs a particular behavior.

In the context of natural selection, "fitness" refers to the

In the study by Karen Hollis, fish and birds that were given a cue prior to being exposed to a potential mate or rival were

Punishment training involves the _ of _ event following a behavior.

Which statement best describes habituation?

Natural selection is

Describe, with a concrete example, how you could use an omission versus punishment contingency to influence someone's behavior.

Ethologists study

Reward involves the _ of _ event following a behavior.

The concept of fitness means that compared to the less successful members of a species, the more successful members are

Which scenario involves escape?

The kind of reinforcement operating in a particular scenario is defined by

A conditioned compensatory response is

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 2: Learning and Adaptation

Which statement best describes a fixed action pattern?

Researchers studying the conditioned compensatory response have found that

The concept of preparedness refers to the extent to which the

Which statement about shaping is false?

Extinction is a learning process in which

Punishment is a procedure in which _______ every time the subject performs a particular behavior.

In the context of natural selection, "fitness" refers to the

In the study by Karen Hollis, fish and birds that were given a cue prior to being exposed to a potential mate or rival were

Punishment training involves the _______ of _______ event following a behavior.

Which statement best describes habituation?

Natural selection is

Describe, with a concrete example, how you could use an omission versus punishment contingency to influence someone's behavior.

Ethologists study

Reward involves the _______ of _______ event following a behavior.

The concept of fitness means that compared to the less successful members of a species, the more successful members are

Which scenario involves escape?

The kind of reinforcement operating in a particular scenario is defined by

A conditioned compensatory response is

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Punishment training involves the _ of _ event following a behavior.

Reward involves the _ of _ event following a behavior.