Question 1

As a process, shaping involves a gradual

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in the amount of reward that is given following a behavior. 
B)  change in the kind of reward that is given following a behavior. 
C)  increase in the response requirement. 
D)  change in the contingency, from punishment to reward to omission. 
A)  increase in the amount of reward that is given following a behavior. 
B)  change in the kind of reward that is given following a behavior. 
C)  increase in the response requirement. 
D)  change in the contingency, from punishment to reward to omission.

Question 2

To habituate anxiety elicited by public speaking you might

Accepted Answer

A)  pair public speaking with applause. 
B)  make a monetary payment contingent on public speaking. 
C)  practice public speaking over and over. 
D)  give up-such anxiety is innate and cannot be modified. 
A)  pair public speaking with applause. 
B)  make a monetary payment contingent on public speaking. 
C)  practice public speaking over and over. 
D)  give up-such anxiety is innate and cannot be modified.

Question 3

A therapist should be aware that when exposing a client to a stimulus that elicits unwanted behaviors, emotions, or cognitions,

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation might reduce these responses eventually, but the initial anxiety might be too intense for the client to tolerate. 
B)  the client can become sensitized to the extent that the unwanted behavior never occurs again, even if it could be adaptive in some situations. 
C)  habituation and sensitization processes likely work together and the unwanted behaviors could increase. 
D)  no behavioral changes can take place unless the consequences are manipulated. 
A)  habituation might reduce these responses eventually, but the initial anxiety might be too intense for the client to tolerate. 
B)  the client can become sensitized to the extent that the unwanted behavior never occurs again, even if it could be adaptive in some situations. 
C)  habituation and sensitization processes likely work together and the unwanted behaviors could increase. 
D)  no behavioral changes can take place unless the consequences are manipulated.

Question 4

Which example illustrates shaping?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children in a family receive gifts or treats regardless of whether they behave well or poorly. 
B)  A rat receives foot shocks that are presented randomly but are always signaled by a bell. 
C)  Twenty minutes into the flight, a business traveler no longer notices the soft hissing of the plane's overhead air vent. 
D)  In preparation for a recital, a piano teacher praises a student for first learning musical scales, then simple songs, and then complex songs. 
A)  Children in a family receive gifts or treats regardless of whether they behave well or poorly. 
B)  A rat receives foot shocks that are presented randomly but are always signaled by a bell. 
C)  Twenty minutes into the flight, a business traveler no longer notices the soft hissing of the plane's overhead air vent. 
D)  In preparation for a recital, a piano teacher praises a student for first learning musical scales, then simple songs, and then complex songs.

Question 5

Your roommate enjoys watching your big-screen TV in the living room, as well as eating your mother's homemade brownies when he goes into the kitchen. You want your roommate to clean the living room and to wash the dishes, and you have two reinforcers available-access to the TV and the brownies. Which reinforcer would be best with each behavior, and why do you think so?

Accepted Answer

The most effective combination would be

Question 6

_______ and _______ are ways of increasing the probability that a behavior will occur in the future.

Accepted Answer

A)  Negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement 
B)  Omission; negative reinforcement 
C)  Escape; punishment 
D)  Punishment; avoidance 
A)  Negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement 
B)  Omission; negative reinforcement 
C)  Escape; punishment 
D)  Punishment; avoidance

Question 7

Describe the adaptive nature of a conditioned compensatory response and provide an example.

Accepted Answer

A conditioned compensatory response is a

Question 8

Sign tracking is a tendency to

Accepted Answer

A)  approach a stimulus that predicts a good outcome. 
B)  approach stimuli that predict good outcomes and retreat from those that predict bad ones. 
C)  follow a positive outcome, like a cat chasing a mouse. 
D)  respond to signals to determine which are predictive and which are meaningless. 
A)  approach a stimulus that predicts a good outcome. 
B)  approach stimuli that predict good outcomes and retreat from those that predict bad ones. 
C)  follow a positive outcome, like a cat chasing a mouse. 
D)  respond to signals to determine which are predictive and which are meaningless.

Question 9

Habituation is a learning process in which an innate behavior

Accepted Answer

A)  becomes less likely to occur when a sign stimulus is presented repeatedly. 
B)  becomes more likely to occur when a sign stimulus is presented repeatedly. 
C)  first becomes less likely to occur with repeated stimulation but then rebounds. 
D)  gradually becomes capable of being triggered by a variety of novel stimuli. 
A)  becomes less likely to occur when a sign stimulus is presented repeatedly. 
B)  becomes more likely to occur when a sign stimulus is presented repeatedly. 
C)  first becomes less likely to occur with repeated stimulation but then rebounds. 
D)  gradually becomes capable of being triggered by a variety of novel stimuli.

Question 10

Which statement about taste aversion learning is accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Taste aversion learning is an example of an instrumental contingency. 
B)  For the taste aversion association to form, the aversive stimulus must occur quickly after ingestion of the food or beverage. 
C)  Humans develop aversions less readily than animals. 
D)  Taste aversion learning often requires only a single training trial. 
A)  Taste aversion learning is an example of an instrumental contingency. 
B)  For the taste aversion association to form, the aversive stimulus must occur quickly after ingestion of the food or beverage. 
C)  Humans develop aversions less readily than animals. 
D)  Taste aversion learning often requires only a single training trial.

Question 11

Which statement best justifies the conclusion that learning is designed to uncover probable "causes" of outcomes?

Accepted Answer

A)  Large outcomes tend to lead to faster behaviors. 
B)  Evolution has prepared organisms to associate certain stimuli just as they occur in nature. 
C)  Instrumental action is directly affected by the size of O. 
D)  Organisms learn to approach stimuli and perform behaviors that lead to good outcomes and avoid stimuli and stop behaviors that lead to bad outcomes. 
A)  Large outcomes tend to lead to faster behaviors. 
B)  Evolution has prepared organisms to associate certain stimuli just as they occur in nature. 
C)  Instrumental action is directly affected by the size of O. 
D)  Organisms learn to approach stimuli and perform behaviors that lead to good outcomes and avoid stimuli and stop behaviors that lead to bad outcomes.

Question 12

Which example illustrates spontaneous recovery?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paul tries to log onto a computer that was not working the day before. 
B)  Sarah decides to take a different route to class to avoid smelling the freshly baked bread from a bakery. 
C)  Steve is given the opportunity to take a make-up quiz because he notified his teacher in advance of his impending absence. 
D)  Jesse attempts a new style of painting when his previous attempts fail to produce the desired results. 
A)  Paul tries to log onto a computer that was not working the day before. 
B)  Sarah decides to take a different route to class to avoid smelling the freshly baked bread from a bakery. 
C)  Steve is given the opportunity to take a make-up quiz because he notified his teacher in advance of his impending absence. 
D)  Jesse attempts a new style of painting when his previous attempts fail to produce the desired results.

Question 13

Negative reinforcement involves the _______of _______ event following a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  presentation; a pleasant 
B)  removal; a pleasant 
C)  presentation; an aversive 
D)  removal; an aversive 
A)  presentation; a pleasant 
B)  removal; a pleasant 
C)  presentation; an aversive 
D)  removal; an aversive

Question 14

In general, which statement about the size of an outcome that follows a cue is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The larger or more intense the outcome, the greater the likelihood that it will overwhelm the animal and disrupt learning. 
B)  The larger or more intense the outcome, the more rapidly learning occurs. 
C)  The size of the outcome is a more powerful cue affecting behavior than the timing of the outcome. 
D)  Evolution, or the preparedness factor, has little impact on behavior relative to the timing and size of the outcome. 
A)  The larger or more intense the outcome, the greater the likelihood that it will overwhelm the animal and disrupt learning. 
B)  The larger or more intense the outcome, the more rapidly learning occurs. 
C)  The size of the outcome is a more powerful cue affecting behavior than the timing of the outcome. 
D)  Evolution, or the preparedness factor, has little impact on behavior relative to the timing and size of the outcome.

Question 15

In general, classical and instrumental learning occur most readily when

Accepted Answer

A)  the time between R-O or S-O is short. 
B)  the time between R-O or S-O is long (because there is less interference from other responses produced by O). 
C)  the size or intensity of the O is small, because large Os produce competing responses. 
D)  the size or intensity of the O is small, reducing the impact of competing O responses. 
A)  the time between R-O or S-O is short. 
B)  the time between R-O or S-O is long (because there is less interference from other responses produced by O). 
C)  the size or intensity of the O is small, because large Os produce competing responses. 
D)  the size or intensity of the O is small, reducing the impact of competing O responses.

Question 16

Escape is said to occur when a subject

Accepted Answer

A)  responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring. 
B)  engages in a behavior and is presented with an aversive event. 
C)  experiences an aversive event and engages in a behavior that removes that event. 
D)  engages in a behavior and does not experience any outcome. 
A)  responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring. 
B)  engages in a behavior and is presented with an aversive event. 
C)  experiences an aversive event and engages in a behavior that removes that event. 
D)  engages in a behavior and does not experience any outcome.

Question 17

Compare and contrast the processes of natural selection and shaping by consequences in instrumental conditioning, noting the means by which organisms adapt in these two processes.

Accepted Answer

Skinner called operant conditioning "sha

Question 18

Whether or not a behavior is innate can be difficult to establish because

Accepted Answer

A)  all members of a species may engage in the behavior because of learning. 
B)  innate behaviors are not modifiable. 
C)  only fixed action patterns are innate. 
D)  all behaviors are susceptible to reinforcement and punishment. 
A)  all members of a species may engage in the behavior because of learning. 
B)  innate behaviors are not modifiable. 
C)  only fixed action patterns are innate. 
D)  all behaviors are susceptible to reinforcement and punishment.

Question 19

Which scenario demonstrates the application of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  When Jason is one hour late in picking up his brother from soccer practice, his mother takes away his driving privileges for two weeks. 
B)  When Jennifer hears the garage door closing, she quickly turns off the TV and runs to the dining room to set the table for dinner before her mother enters the house. 
C)  For every foul that Angelo made during a basketball game, he is required to run 10 laps at the next team practice. 
D)  Maria puts on a pair of gloves when her hands and fingers start to get cold and stiff while she is ice skating. 
A)  When Jason is one hour late in picking up his brother from soccer practice, his mother takes away his driving privileges for two weeks. 
B)  When Jennifer hears the garage door closing, she quickly turns off the TV and runs to the dining room to set the table for dinner before her mother enters the house. 
C)  For every foul that Angelo made during a basketball game, he is required to run 10 laps at the next team practice. 
D)  Maria puts on a pair of gloves when her hands and fingers start to get cold and stiff while she is ice skating.

Question 20

The issue of preparedness in learning is connected to

Accepted Answer

A)  the age at which we attempt to train an animal or human. 
B)  the particular size, type, frequency, duration, and timing of the O that will be used in the conditioning procedure. 
C)  whether the selected behavior tends to be easy or hard to learn based on the organism's evolutionary predisposition. 
D)  whether we use classical or instrumental procedures to achieve behavioral change. 
A)  the age at which we attempt to train an animal or human. 
B)  the particular size, type, frequency, duration, and timing of the O that will be used in the conditioning procedure. 
C)  whether the selected behavior tends to be easy or hard to learn based on the organism's evolutionary predisposition. 
D)  whether we use classical or instrumental procedures to achieve behavioral change.

As a process, shaping involves a gradual

To habituate anxiety elicited by public speaking you might

A therapist should be aware that when exposing a client to a stimulus that elicits unwanted behaviors, emotions, or cognitions,

Which example illustrates shaping?

_ and _ are ways of increasing the probability that a behavior will occur in the future.

Describe the adaptive nature of a conditioned compensatory response and provide an example.

Sign tracking is a tendency to

Habituation is a learning process in which an innate behavior

Which statement about taste aversion learning is accurate?

Which statement best justifies the conclusion that learning is designed to uncover probable "causes" of outcomes?

Which example illustrates spontaneous recovery?

Negative reinforcement involves the _of _ event following a behavior.

In general, which statement about the size of an outcome that follows a cue is true?

In general, classical and instrumental learning occur most readily when

Escape is said to occur when a subject

Compare and contrast the processes of natural selection and shaping by consequences in instrumental conditioning, noting the means by which organisms adapt in these two processes.

Whether or not a behavior is innate can be difficult to establish because

Which scenario demonstrates the application of punishment?

The issue of preparedness in learning is connected to

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 2: Learning and Adaptation

As a process, shaping involves a gradual

To habituate anxiety elicited by public speaking you might

A therapist should be aware that when exposing a client to a stimulus that elicits unwanted behaviors, emotions, or cognitions,

Which example illustrates shaping?

_______ and _______ are ways of increasing the probability that a behavior will occur in the future.

Describe the adaptive nature of a conditioned compensatory response and provide an example.

Sign tracking is a tendency to

Habituation is a learning process in which an innate behavior

Which statement about taste aversion learning is accurate?

Which statement best justifies the conclusion that learning is designed to uncover probable "causes" of outcomes?

Which example illustrates spontaneous recovery?

Negative reinforcement involves the _______of _______ event following a behavior.

In general, which statement about the size of an outcome that follows a cue is true?

In general, classical and instrumental learning occur most readily when

Escape is said to occur when a subject

Compare and contrast the processes of natural selection and shaping by consequences in instrumental conditioning, noting the means by which organisms adapt in these two processes.

Whether or not a behavior is innate can be difficult to establish because

Which scenario demonstrates the application of punishment?

The issue of preparedness in learning is connected to

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

Theories of Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

_ and _ are ways of increasing the probability that a behavior will occur in the future.

Negative reinforcement involves the _of _ event following a behavior.