Question 1

What does the neuronal population code imply about the motor cortex?

Accepted Answer

A)  every neuron in the motor cortex is mapped exclusively to a specific population of other neurons 
B)  only specific populations of neurons in the motor cortex are responsive to electrical stimulus 
C)  movements are encoded on the motor cortex not by single neurons but populations of neurons firing together 
D)  only in certain populations of monkeys has motor cortex mapping been successful 
A)  every neuron in the motor cortex is mapped exclusively to a specific population of other neurons 
B)  only specific populations of neurons in the motor cortex are responsive to electrical stimulus 
C)  movements are encoded on the motor cortex not by single neurons but populations of neurons firing together 
D)  only in certain populations of monkeys has motor cortex mapping been successful

Question 2

The main reflex pathway that underlies the ability to walk is the

Accepted Answer

A)  quadriceps stretch reflex 
B)  leg withdrawal reflex 
C)  vestibulocollic reflex 
D)  crossed extensor reflex 
E)  all of the above 
A)  quadriceps stretch reflex 
B)  leg withdrawal reflex 
C)  vestibulocollic reflex 
D)  crossed extensor reflex 
E)  all of the above

Question 3

In order for a CPG to utilize a half-center oscillator it must contain a minimum of __________ set(s) of inhibitory neurons that response to (a) ________ excitatory input(s).

Accepted Answer

A)  two, single 
B)  two, double 
C)  one, single 
D)  one, double 
A)  two, single 
B)  two, double 
C)  one, single 
D)  one, double

Question 4

Compare the eye blink reflex to the leg withdrawal reflex and identify 3 similarities and 3 differences between the two.

Accepted Answer

The eye blink reflex and the leg withdra

Question 5

When Hughlings Jackson observed an epileptic seizure that started with curling of the toes and contortion of the ankles while recording neural activity on the motor cortex, he likely observed motor cortex activity in motor cortex areas that were ____________to each other.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When Hughlings Jackson observed an epileptic seizure...

Question 6

What is the minimum number of neurons necessary for a stretch reflex?

Accepted Answer

A)  2: one sensory neuron and one motor neuron 
B)  3: one sensory neuron, one interneuron, and one motor neuron 
C)  4: one sensory neuron, one inhibitory neuron, and 2 motor neurons 
D)  5: 2 sensory neurons, one inhibitory neurons, and 2 motor neurons 
E)  The number of neurons in the stretch reflex depends on the strength of the stimulus. 
A)  2: one sensory neuron and one motor neuron 
B)  3: one sensory neuron, one interneuron, and one motor neuron 
C)  4: one sensory neuron, one inhibitory neuron, and 2 motor neurons 
D)  5: 2 sensory neurons, one inhibitory neurons, and 2 motor neurons 
E)  The number of neurons in the stretch reflex depends on the strength of the stimulus.

Question 7

Match each division of the cerebellum with it's appropriate function:
-_____modifies reflexes involving the vestibular input

Accepted Answer

A)  vestibullocerebellum 
B)  spinocerebellum 
C)  cerebrocerebellum 
A)  vestibullocerebellum 
B)  spinocerebellum 
C)  cerebrocerebellum

Question 8

Recreate the image in Figure 10.7 In the text illustrating the neural pathways of the optokinetic reflex but include the inhibitory projections to the left eye lateral rectus and right eye medial rectus. Explain the purpose of these additional projections in this reflex.

Accepted Answer

To recreate the image in Figure 10.7 ill

Question 9

The image above showing neural activity in four electrodes placed opposite each other, 1 across from 3 and 2 across from 4, in sequence in a spinal cord. Which of the following can be derived from this data?

Accepted Answer

A)  activity in electrode 1 seems to inhibit activity in electrode 3 and visa versa, indicative of the rhythmic activity of lateral undulation 
B)  activity in electrode 1 seems to inhibit activity in electrode 2 and visa versa, indicative of the rhythmic activity of lateral undulation 
C)  activity in electrode 2 seems to inhibit activity in electrode 3 and visa versa, indicative of the rhythmic activity of active swimming 
D)  All of these neural activity recorded is inhibitory 
E)  There is no pattern of activity that can be derived from reviewing this data 
A)  activity in electrode 1 seems to inhibit activity in electrode 3 and visa versa, indicative of the rhythmic activity of lateral undulation 
B)  activity in electrode 1 seems to inhibit activity in electrode 2 and visa versa, indicative of the rhythmic activity of lateral undulation 
C)  activity in electrode 2 seems to inhibit activity in electrode 3 and visa versa, indicative of the rhythmic activity of active swimming 
D)  All of these neural activity recorded is inhibitory 
E)  There is no pattern of activity that can be derived from reviewing this data

Question 10

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ using hand-gripping experiments with macaque monkeys, demonstrated the presence of mirror neurons in the motor and premotor cortex

Accepted Answer

A)  Charles Sherrington 
B)  Donald Wilson 
C)  Sten Grillner 
D)  Graham Brown 
E)  Hughlings Jackson
F) Wilder Penfield
G) Giocomo Rizzolatti. 
A)  Charles Sherrington 
B)  Donald Wilson 
C)  Sten Grillner 
D)  Graham Brown 
E)  Hughlings Jackson
F) Wilder Penfield
G) Giocomo Rizzolatti.

Question 11

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ constructed a motor homunculus illustrating the relative size of portions of the motor cortex devoted to certain body parts

Accepted Answer

A)  Charles Sherrington 
B)  Donald Wilson 
C)  Sten Grillner 
D)  Graham Brown 
E)  Hughlings Jackson
F) Wilder Penfield
G) Giocomo Rizzolatti. 
A)  Charles Sherrington 
B)  Donald Wilson 
C)  Sten Grillner 
D)  Graham Brown 
E)  Hughlings Jackson
F) Wilder Penfield
G) Giocomo Rizzolatti.

Question 12

Which of the following reflexes is the most rapid?

Accepted Answer

A)  vestibulocollic reflex 
B)  eye blink reflex 
C)  leg withdrawal reflex 
D)  vestibulo-ocular reflex 
E)  crossed extensor reflex 
A)  vestibulocollic reflex 
B)  eye blink reflex 
C)  leg withdrawal reflex 
D)  vestibulo-ocular reflex 
E)  crossed extensor reflex

Question 13

An officer might perform a pupil reaction test by shining a flashlight into the eyes of a motorist. What is the best explanation for why this test is appropriate for identifying impaired drivers?

Accepted Answer

A)  If a pupil dilates to more than twice it's size, part of the circuitry mediating the papillary reflex can be assumed to be impaired. Because this circuitry is affected by various drugs and alcohol, it might be indicative of an impaired driver. 
B)  If a pupil fails to dilate in the bright light, part of the circuitry mediating the papillary reflex can be assumed to be impaired. Because this circuitry is affected by various drugs and alcohol, it might be indicative of an impaired driver. 
C)  If a pupil fails to constrict in the bright light, part of the circuitry mediating the papillary reflex can be assumed to be impaired. Because this circuitry is affected by various drugs and alcohol, it might be indicative of an impaired driver. 
D)  If the flashlight reveals the driver's eyes to be bloodshot, it might be indicative of an impaired driver. 
A)  If a pupil dilates to more than twice it's size, part of the circuitry mediating the papillary reflex can be assumed to be impaired. Because this circuitry is affected by various drugs and alcohol, it might be indicative of an impaired driver. 
B)  If a pupil fails to dilate in the bright light, part of the circuitry mediating the papillary reflex can be assumed to be impaired. Because this circuitry is affected by various drugs and alcohol, it might be indicative of an impaired driver. 
C)  If a pupil fails to constrict in the bright light, part of the circuitry mediating the papillary reflex can be assumed to be impaired. Because this circuitry is affected by various drugs and alcohol, it might be indicative of an impaired driver. 
D)  If the flashlight reveals the driver's eyes to be bloodshot, it might be indicative of an impaired driver.

Question 14

Which of the following is true about a half-center oscillator?

Accepted Answer

A)  rhythmic output is generated by reciprocal inhibition 
B)  rhythmic output is generated by alternating excitatory and inhibitory inputs 
C)  rhythmic output is generated by fatiguing of sequential inputs 
D)  rhythmic output is generated by reciprocal excitation 
E)  none of the above 
A)  rhythmic output is generated by reciprocal inhibition 
B)  rhythmic output is generated by alternating excitatory and inhibitory inputs 
C)  rhythmic output is generated by fatiguing of sequential inputs 
D)  rhythmic output is generated by reciprocal excitation 
E)  none of the above

Question 15

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion
-_____ using observations of how epileptic seizers "march" across the body, hypothesized that neurons located adjacent to each other in the motor cortex control corresponding adjacent body parts

Accepted Answer

A)  Charles Sherrington 
B)  Donald Wilson 
C)  Sten Grillner 
D)  Graham Brown 
E)  Hughlings Jackson
F) Wilder Penfield
G) Giocomo Rizzolatti. 
A)  Charles Sherrington 
B)  Donald Wilson 
C)  Sten Grillner 
D)  Graham Brown 
E)  Hughlings Jackson
F) Wilder Penfield
G) Giocomo Rizzolatti.

Question 16

Match each division of the cerebellum with it's appropriate function:
-_____coordinates movements of the neck and trunk

Accepted Answer

A)  vestibullocerebellum 
B)  spinocerebellum 
C)  cerebrocerebellum 
A)  vestibullocerebellum 
B)  spinocerebellum 
C)  cerebrocerebellum

Question 17

Match each reflex with it's appropriate function:
-_____stabilization of the eyes with turning or tilting of the head

Accepted Answer

A)  optocollic reflex 
B)  vestibulo-ocular reflex 
C)  vestibulocollic reflex 
D)  quadriceps stretch reflex 
E)  leg withdrawal reflex
F) crossed extensor reflex
G) optokinetic reflex
H) eye blink reflex. 
A)  optocollic reflex 
B)  vestibulo-ocular reflex 
C)  vestibulocollic reflex 
D)  quadriceps stretch reflex 
E)  leg withdrawal reflex
F) crossed extensor reflex
G) optokinetic reflex
H) eye blink reflex.

Question 18

Ablation of interpositus nucleus (IPN) connections to the red nucleus would result in a(n)__________in the condition eye blink reflex.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ablation of interpositus nucleus (IPN) connections to...

Question 19

Match each reflex with it's appropriate function:
-_____prevention of retinal slip by rapid left to right or up and down movements of the eyes

Accepted Answer

A)  optocollic reflex 
B)  vestibulo-ocular reflex 
C)  vestibulocollic reflex 
D)  quadriceps stretch reflex 
E)  leg withdrawal reflex
F) crossed extensor reflex
G) optokinetic reflex
H) eye blink reflex. 
A)  optocollic reflex 
B)  vestibulo-ocular reflex 
C)  vestibulocollic reflex 
D)  quadriceps stretch reflex 
E)  leg withdrawal reflex
F) crossed extensor reflex
G) optokinetic reflex
H) eye blink reflex.

Question 20

The results of experiments demonstrating the conditioned eye blink response provide support for which of the following statements below?

Accepted Answer

A)  deep cerebellar nuclei are capable of long term motor memories 
B)  the cerebellar cortex is solely responsible for conditioned motor responses 
C)  the premotor cortex is solely responsible for conditioned motor responses 
D)  cerebellar nuclei are only capable of activity that refines movements 
E)  all of the above 
A)  deep cerebellar nuclei are capable of long term motor memories 
B)  the cerebellar cortex is solely responsible for conditioned motor responses 
C)  the premotor cortex is solely responsible for conditioned motor responses 
D)  cerebellar nuclei are only capable of activity that refines movements 
E)  all of the above

What does the neuronal population code imply about the motor cortex?

The main reflex pathway that underlies the ability to walk is the

In order for a CPG to utilize a half-center oscillator it must contain a minimum of __ set(s) of inhibitory neurons that response to (a) excitatory input(s).

Compare the eye blink reflex to the leg withdrawal reflex and identify 3 similarities and 3 differences between the two.

When Hughlings Jackson observed an epileptic seizure that started with curling of the toes and contortion of the ankles while recording neural activity on the motor cortex, he likely observed motor cortex activity in motor cortex areas that were ____________to each other.

What is the minimum number of neurons necessary for a stretch reflex?

Match each division of the cerebellum with it's appropriate function: -_____modifies reflexes involving the vestibular input

Recreate the image in Figure 10.7 In the text illustrating the neural pathways of the optokinetic reflex but include the inhibitory projections to the left eye lateral rectus and right eye medial rectus. Explain the purpose of these additional projections in this reflex.

The image above showing neural activity in four electrodes placed opposite each other, 1 across from 3 and 2 across from 4, in sequence in a spinal cord. Which of the following can be derived from this data?

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ using hand-gripping experiments with macaque monkeys, demonstrated the presence of mirror neurons in the motor and premotor cortex

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ constructed a motor homunculus illustrating the relative size of portions of the motor cortex devoted to certain body parts

Which of the following reflexes is the most rapid?

An officer might perform a pupil reaction test by shining a flashlight into the eyes of a motorist. What is the best explanation for why this test is appropriate for identifying impaired drivers?

Which of the following is true about a half-center oscillator?

Match each division of the cerebellum with it's appropriate function: -_____coordinates movements of the neck and trunk

Match each reflex with it's appropriate function: -_____stabilization of the eyes with turning or tilting of the head

Ablation of interpositus nucleus (IPN) connections to the red nucleus would result in a(n)__________in the condition eye blink reflex.

Match each reflex with it's appropriate function: -_____prevention of retinal slip by rapid left to right or up and down movements of the eyes

The results of experiments demonstrating the conditioned eye blink response provide support for which of the following statements below?

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters

Exam 10: Controlling Posture and Locomotion

What does the neuronal population code imply about the motor cortex?

The main reflex pathway that underlies the ability to walk is the

In order for a CPG to utilize a half-center oscillator it must contain a minimum of __________ set(s) of inhibitory neurons that response to (a) ________ excitatory input(s).

Compare the eye blink reflex to the leg withdrawal reflex and identify 3 similarities and 3 differences between the two.

When Hughlings Jackson observed an epileptic seizure that started with curling of the toes and contortion of the ankles while recording neural activity on the motor cortex, he likely observed motor cortex activity in motor cortex areas that were ____________to each other.

What is the minimum number of neurons necessary for a stretch reflex?

Match each division of the cerebellum with it's appropriate function: -_____modifies reflexes involving the vestibular input

Recreate the image in Figure 10.7 In the text illustrating the neural pathways of the optokinetic reflex but include the inhibitory projections to the left eye lateral rectus and right eye medial rectus. Explain the purpose of these additional projections in this reflex.

The image above showing neural activity in four electrodes placed opposite each other, 1 across from 3 and 2 across from 4, in sequence in a spinal cord. Which of the following can be derived from this data?

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ using hand-gripping experiments with macaque monkeys, demonstrated the presence of mirror neurons in the motor and premotor cortex

Match each scientist with their appropriate contribution to understanding of the control of posture and locomotion -_____ constructed a motor homunculus illustrating the relative size of portions of the motor cortex devoted to certain body parts

Which of the following reflexes is the most rapid?

An officer might perform a pupil reaction test by shining a flashlight into the eyes of a motorist. What is the best explanation for why this test is appropriate for identifying impaired drivers?

Which of the following is true about a half-center oscillator?

Match each division of the cerebellum with it's appropriate function: -_____coordinates movements of the neck and trunk

Match each reflex with it's appropriate function: -_____stabilization of the eyes with turning or tilting of the head

Ablation of interpositus nucleus (IPN) connections to the red nucleus would result in a(n)__________in the condition eye blink reflex.

Match each reflex with it's appropriate function: -_____prevention of retinal slip by rapid left to right or up and down movements of the eyes

The results of experiments demonstrating the conditioned eye blink response provide support for which of the following statements below?

Nervous System Organization

Computing With Neurons

Neuronal Plasticity

Developing a Nervous System

Protecting and Maintaining the Adult Nervous System

Sensors I: Remote Sensing

Sensors II: Sensing on Contact

Using Muscles and Glands

Regulating Vital Bodily Functions

Localizing Stimuli and Orienting in Space

Identifying Stimuli and Stimulus Objects

Regulating Brain States

Remembering Relationships

Selecting Actions, Pursuing Goals

Being Different From Others

Filters

In order for a CPG to utilize a half-center oscillator it must contain a minimum of __ set(s) of inhibitory neurons that response to (a) excitatory input(s).