Question 1

Why is reporting confidence intervals (CIs) good practice?

Accepted Answer

If a researcher only reports statistical significance, then one only knows that the probability of that correlation is zero is low. Confidence intervals provide more information such as magnitude of r and the error of estimation of r.

Question 2

Which of the following is true about the choice of a basic associational statistic?

Accepted Answer

A)  The level of measurement of the IV determines the choice of statistic 
B)  The level of measurement of the DV determines the choice of statistic 
C)  The levels of measurement for the IV and the DV determine the choice of statistic 
D)  None of the above 
A)  The level of measurement of the IV determines the choice of statistic 
B)  The level of measurement of the DV determines the choice of statistic 
C)  The levels of measurement for the IV and the DV determine the choice of statistic 
D)  None of the above C

Question 3

A researcher uses the Pearson product moment correlation to test the relation between a continuous IV and a continuous DV. The Pearson r value is -.80. The researcher interprets this result to mean that there is:

Accepted Answer

A)  A strong positive relation between the two variables 
B)  As values of the IV increase, values of the DV will increase 
C)  A strong inverse relation between the two variables 
D)  a and b 
A)  A strong positive relation between the two variables 
B)  As values of the IV increase, values of the DV will increase 
C)  A strong inverse relation between the two variables 
D)  a and b C

Question 4

With a regression line, the closer the points are to the line, the higher the absolute value of the correlation coefficient.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

A low correlation means that you cannot predict the DV knowing the scores of the IV.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

A researcher computes a Pearson product moment correlation that yields an r value of .50. Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The effect size using r is large 
B)  25% of the variance between the study's two variables is common to both 
C)  75% of the variance between the study's two variables is unexplained 
D)  All of the above 
A)  The effect size using r is large 
B)  25% of the variance between the study's two variables is common to both 
C)  75% of the variance between the study's two variables is unexplained 
D)  All of the above

Question 7

A researcher uses a Pearson product moment correlation to analyze the association between two continuous variables. He found that r = .13, p = .03. These results indicate:

Accepted Answer

A)  A nonsignificant relation between the two variables 
B)  A good prediction of the dependent variable from the independent variable 
C)  A statistically significant but weak positive relation between the two variables 
D)  A large effect size 
A)  A nonsignificant relation between the two variables 
B)  A good prediction of the dependent variable from the independent variable 
C)  A statistically significant but weak positive relation between the two variables 
D)  A large effect size

Question 8

Power is lost when using a chi-square when one of the variables is ordinal.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

What are the four problems related to interpreting statistical significance and correlation coefficients?

Accepted Answer

1. Restriction of range: This problem ca

Question 10

Professor U. R. Okay believes that students who are rejected by their peers are more likely to fail in school. He collects data from 140 4th graders, measuring peer status (popular versus rejected) and whether each child passed or failed 4th grade. The statistic he should use is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Spearman rho 
B)  Pearson product moment correlation 
C)  Phi 
D)  t test 
E)  Cramer's V 
A)  Spearman rho 
B)  Pearson product moment correlation 
C)  Phi 
D)  t test 
E)  Cramer's V

Question 11

A statistically significant r value indicates the strength of the relation between the IV and the DV.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

There is a relation between the number of participants in the study and the size of the correlation coefficient needed to obtain statistical significance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The Pearson product moment correlation can be used to:

Accepted Answer

A)  Test the association between two continuous variables 
B)  Test the relation between two administrations of the same instrument 
C)  Test the relations between an instrument and an external criterion 
D)  All of the above are true 
A)  Test the association between two continuous variables 
B)  Test the relation between two administrations of the same instrument 
C)  Test the relations between an instrument and an external criterion 
D)  All of the above are true

Question 14

When doing a Pearson product moment correlation, a researcher finds that high scores on one variable are associated with low, medium, and high scores on the other variable. These results indicate:

Accepted Answer

A)  A moderately strong positive relation between the two variables 
B)  A moderately strong negative relation between the two variables 
C)  No relation between the two variables 
D)  Inappropriate use of the Pearson product moment correlation 
A)  A moderately strong positive relation between the two variables 
B)  A moderately strong negative relation between the two variables 
C)  No relation between the two variables 
D)  Inappropriate use of the Pearson product moment correlation

Question 15

A continuous independent variable is typically an active, manipulated variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

A statistically significant correlation coefficient may be trivial or of little importance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

An r value near zero is associated with a strong inverse relation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

A strong inverse relation means that high scores on one variable will be associated with low scores on the other variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

A researcher computes a Pearson product moment correlation that yields an effect size of .10. The r value is statistically significant. The researcher interprets these findings as:

Accepted Answer

A)  The effect of the independent variable is weak 
B)  The effect of the independent variable is moderately strong 
C)  90% of the variance between the two variables is common to both 
D)  b and c 
A)  The effect of the independent variable is weak 
B)  The effect of the independent variable is moderately strong 
C)  90% of the variance between the two variables is common to both 
D)  b and c

Question 20

A chi-square test should be conducted when:

Accepted Answer

A)  Both variables are nominal with a few nonordered categories 
B)  Both variables are interval 
C)  Both variables are dichotomous 
D)  a and c 
A)  Both variables are nominal with a few nonordered categories 
B)  Both variables are interval 
C)  Both variables are dichotomous 
D)  a and c

Exam 21: Analysis and Interpretation of Basic Associational Research Questions

Why is reporting confidence intervals (CIs) good practice?

Which of the following is true about the choice of a basic associational statistic?

A researcher uses the Pearson product moment correlation to test the relation between a continuous IV and a continuous DV. The Pearson r value is -.80. The researcher interprets this result to mean that there is:

With a regression line, the closer the points are to the line, the higher the absolute value of the correlation coefficient.

A low correlation means that you cannot predict the DV knowing the scores of the IV.

A researcher computes a Pearson product moment correlation that yields an r value of .50. Which of the following is true?

A researcher uses a Pearson product moment correlation to analyze the association between two continuous variables. He found that r = .13, p = .03. These results indicate:

Power is lost when using a chi-square when one of the variables is ordinal.

What are the four problems related to interpreting statistical significance and correlation coefficients?

Professor U. R. Okay believes that students who are rejected by their peers are more likely to fail in school. He collects data from 140 4th graders, measuring peer status (popular versus rejected) and whether each child passed or failed 4th grade. The statistic he should use is:

A statistically significant r value indicates the strength of the relation between the IV and the DV.

There is a relation between the number of participants in the study and the size of the correlation coefficient needed to obtain statistical significance.

The Pearson product moment correlation can be used to:

When doing a Pearson product moment correlation, a researcher finds that high scores on one variable are associated with low, medium, and high scores on the other variable. These results indicate:

A continuous independent variable is typically an active, manipulated variable.

A statistically significant correlation coefficient may be trivial or of little importance.

An r value near zero is associated with a strong inverse relation.

A strong inverse relation means that high scores on one variable will be associated with low scores on the other variable.

A researcher computes a Pearson product moment correlation that yields an effect size of .10. The r value is statistically significant. The researcher interprets these findings as:

A chi-square test should be conducted when:

Definitions, Purposes, and Dimensions of Research

Planning a Quantitative Research Project

Variables, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

Research Approaches

Randomized Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Subject Designs

Nonexperimental Approachesdesigns

Internal Validity

Sampling and Introduction to External Validity

Measurement and Descriptive Statistics

Measurement Reliability

Measurement Validity

Types of Data Collection Techniques

Ethical Issues in Conducting the Study

Practical Issues in Data Collection and Coding

Making Inferences From Sample Data I: The Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Approach

Making Inferences From Sample Data II: the Evidence-Based Approach

General Design Classifications for Selection of Difference Statistical Methods

Selection of Appropriate Statistical Methods: Integration of Design and Analysis

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Basic Difference Questions

Analysis and Interpretation of Complex Research Questions

Evaluating Research Validity: Part I

Evaluating Research Validity: Part II

Evaluating Research for Evidence-Based Practice

Writing the Research Report

Filters

Professor U. R. Okay believes that students who are rejected by their peers are more likely to fail in school. He collects data from 140 4^th graders, measuring peer status (popular versus rejected) and whether each child passed or failed 4^th grade. The statistic he should use is: