Question 1

The simplest mixed design is a two-factor design with repeated measures on the second factor.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

A researcher is interested in studying the effects of smoking and alcohol use on post-operative complications in the hospital. The criterion variable is categorical with only two levels (complications: Yes or No). Smoking is operationalized as number of packs smoked per week, and alcohol use is measured as number of alcoholic beverages consumed per week. What would be the appropriate complex statistic to use?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple regression 
B)  Discriminant analysis 
C)  Factor analysis 
D)  MANOVA 
A)  Multiple regression 
B)  Discriminant analysis 
C)  Factor analysis 
D)  MANOVA B

Question 3

In an ANOVA Source Table, the first thing to look for is significant interaction effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

The following is/are true for the gain score approach to analysis of a pretest-posttest design:

Accepted Answer

A)  The mixed design is converted to a factorial design with three independent variables 
B)  The dependent variable is the difference in scores between pretest to posttest 
C)  A two-factor design becomes a single-factor design with four levels 
D)  b and c 
A)  The mixed design is converted to a factorial design with three independent variables 
B)  The dependent variable is the difference in scores between pretest to posttest 
C)  A two-factor design becomes a single-factor design with four levels 
D)  b and c

Question 5

A researcher uses a single-factor ANCOVA to analyze a pretest-posttest design. The between-groups IV has three levels. There is a significant F value. The researcher should:

Accepted Answer

A)  Use multiple t tests to interpret the results 
B)  Use a Tukey HSD post hoc test to interpret the results 
C)  Use simple main effects analysis to interpret the interaction 
D)  Graph the pretest and posttest means for comparison 
A)  Use multiple t tests to interpret the results 
B)  Use a Tukey HSD post hoc test to interpret the results 
C)  Use simple main effects analysis to interpret the interaction 
D)  Graph the pretest and posttest means for comparison

Question 6

In an ANOVA Source Table, the first thing to look for is significant main effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Different approaches to analyzing pretest-posttest data have their own disadvantages. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using single-factor ANOVA with gain scores?

Accepted Answer

A)  The treatment may interact with the posttest 
B)  Assumptions of linearity and parallel slopes must be satisfied 
C)  It does not provide information about pretest differences 
D)  A significant interaction between the between- and within-subjects IVs needs to be decomposed into main effects before one can interpret the results 
A)  The treatment may interact with the posttest 
B)  Assumptions of linearity and parallel slopes must be satisfied 
C)  It does not provide information about pretest differences 
D)  A significant interaction between the between- and within-subjects IVs needs to be decomposed into main effects before one can interpret the results

Question 8

A researcher had two intact groups of students. The two groups were randomly assigned to either a treatment condition or a control group. Both groups of students complete measures at the pretest and again at the posttest. This is an example of what research approach:

Accepted Answer

A)  Randomized experimental 
B)  Quasi-experimental 
C)  Comparative 
D)  Associational 
A)  Randomized experimental 
B)  Quasi-experimental 
C)  Comparative 
D)  Associational

Question 9

Why is it best practice to interpret the interaction effect first?

Accepted Answer

This practice provides a more

Question 10

Examples of complex associational analyses include:

Accepted Answer

A)  MANOVA 
B)  Multiple regression 
C)  Multiple, univariate ANOVAs 
D)  All of the above 
A)  MANOVA 
B)  Multiple regression 
C)  Multiple, univariate ANOVAs 
D)  All of the above

Question 11

If a main effect is significant and there are two levels to the IV, a Tukey HSD should be performed to see if the means are significantly different.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

With mixed-factorial designs, the research approach is named after the highest approach.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Significant interaction effects from a mixed ANOVA when the between-groups IV has more than two levels should be followed up with simple main effects analysis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

With discriminant analysis, the dependent variable is continuous with multiple levels.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

A researcher is testing the effects of a new medication on two groups of asthmatics. Participants are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a control group. The researcher is concerned about participants' ethnicity and adds ethnicity as a second IV. The overall research approach is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  Randomized experimental 
B)  Quasi-experimental 
C)  Comparative 
D)  Associational 
A)  Randomized experimental 
B)  Quasi-experimental 
C)  Comparative 
D)  Associational

Question 16

A two-factor ANOVA and a mixed ANOVA use the same statistical approaches.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

When using a mixed ANOVA approach to analyze a pretest-posttest design, the interaction effect is the most meaningful information.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The second IV added to a research design to control for error variance is usually an active IV.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The appropriate statistic for the above study is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Independent samples t test 
B)  Factorial ANOVA 
C)  Repeated-measures ANOVA 
D)  Factorial ANOVA with repeated measures 
A)  Independent samples t test 
B)  Factorial ANOVA 
C)  Repeated-measures ANOVA 
D)  Factorial ANOVA with repeated measures

Question 20

In a 4 × 2 factorial design, how many interaction effects are there?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  4 
D)  6 
E)  8 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  4 
D)  6 
E)  8

Exam 22: Analysis and Interpretation of Complex Research Questions

The simplest mixed design is a two-factor design with repeated measures on the second factor.

In an ANOVA Source Table, the first thing to look for is significant interaction effects.

The following is/are true for the gain score approach to analysis of a pretest-posttest design:

A researcher uses a single-factor ANCOVA to analyze a pretest-posttest design. The between-groups IV has three levels. There is a significant F value. The researcher should:

In an ANOVA Source Table, the first thing to look for is significant main effects.

Different approaches to analyzing pretest-posttest data have their own disadvantages. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using single-factor ANOVA with gain scores?

A researcher had two intact groups of students. The two groups were randomly assigned to either a treatment condition or a control group. Both groups of students complete measures at the pretest and again at the posttest. This is an example of what research approach:

Why is it best practice to interpret the interaction effect first?

Examples of complex associational analyses include:

If a main effect is significant and there are two levels to the IV, a Tukey HSD should be performed to see if the means are significantly different.

With mixed-factorial designs, the research approach is named after the highest approach.

Significant interaction effects from a mixed ANOVA when the between-groups IV has more than two levels should be followed up with simple main effects analysis.

With discriminant analysis, the dependent variable is continuous with multiple levels.

A two-factor ANOVA and a mixed ANOVA use the same statistical approaches.

When using a mixed ANOVA approach to analyze a pretest-posttest design, the interaction effect is the most meaningful information.

The second IV added to a research design to control for error variance is usually an active IV.

The appropriate statistic for the above study is:

In a 4 × 2 factorial design, how many interaction effects are there?

Definitions, Purposes, and Dimensions of Research

Planning a Quantitative Research Project

Variables, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

Research Approaches

Randomized Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Subject Designs

Nonexperimental Approachesdesigns

Internal Validity

Sampling and Introduction to External Validity

Measurement and Descriptive Statistics

Measurement Reliability

Measurement Validity

Types of Data Collection Techniques

Ethical Issues in Conducting the Study

Practical Issues in Data Collection and Coding

Making Inferences From Sample Data I: The Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Approach

Making Inferences From Sample Data II: the Evidence-Based Approach

General Design Classifications for Selection of Difference Statistical Methods

Selection of Appropriate Statistical Methods: Integration of Design and Analysis

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Basic Difference Questions

Analysis and Interpretation of Basic Associational Research Questions

Evaluating Research Validity: Part I

Evaluating Research Validity: Part II

Evaluating Research for Evidence-Based Practice

Writing the Research Report

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