Question 1

The Solomon four-group design is a mixed design that measures pretest effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

What is the difference between within-subjects designs and between-groups designs?

Accepted Answer

In within-subject designs each participant is exposed to all the conditions of the independent variable; in contrast, between-subject designs each participant is exposed to only one of the conditions of the independent variable.

Question 3

The independent variable is a within-subjects design is usually an attribute IV.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Randomized experimental, quasi-experimental, and associational approaches all fit within one of three categories or labels known as "general design classification".

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

A researcher is doing a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables does this study have?

Accepted Answer

A)  16 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  8 
A)  16 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  8

Question 6

The independent variable in a between-groups design must be an active IV.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

What do the numbers in a "3 × 4 × 2 factorial design" indicate?

Accepted Answer

Because there are three numbers, we know

Question 8

A researcher is studying the effects of caffeine on sleeplessness (measured as the amount of time spent awake in a 24 hour period). A group of participants are randomly assigned to one of three groups (no caffeine, low caffeine, high caffeine). What type of general design classification is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-subjects design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  Associational design 
A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-subjects design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  Associational design

Question 9

Ally McBeal is doing a study. She is interested in the effects of gender, ethnicity, and diet on weight loss. Ethnicity has 5 categories. Every participant receives a diet of 1200 calories/day, first with a low fat menu for one week and then with a no fat menu for another week. What type of design is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Single-factor repeated-measures design with 3 levels 
B)  2 × 5 × 2 factorial design 
C)  2 × 2 × 2 factorial design 
D)  2 × 5 × 2 factorial design with repeated measures on all factors 
E)  2 × 5 × 2 factorial design with repeated measures on the 3rd factor 
A)  Single-factor repeated-measures design with 3 levels 
B)  2 × 5 × 2 factorial design 
C)  2 × 2 × 2 factorial design 
D)  2 × 5 × 2 factorial design with repeated measures on all factors 
E)  2 × 5 × 2 factorial design with repeated measures on the 3rd factor

Question 10

The one group pretest-posttest design is an example of a mixed design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The within-subjects design has appeal for the following reason(s):

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased error variance 
B)  Each participant serves as his/her own control 
C)  A decrease in carryover effects 
D)  b and c 
A)  Increased error variance 
B)  Each participant serves as his/her own control 
C)  A decrease in carryover effects 
D)  b and c

Question 12

A researcher is studying medication compliance with three types of antibiotics. Each participant is measured for compliance for all three antibiotics. If the researcher requires 10 participants for each condition, how many participants (total) will be required for the study?

Accepted Answer

A)  30 
B)  10 
C)  60 
D)  Unable to determine 
A)  30 
B)  10 
C)  60 
D)  Unable to determine

Question 13

A researcher is studying the effects of saturated fats on cholesterol level. She randomly assigns a group of participants to one of four groups (no saturated fat, low saturated fat, medium saturated fat, high saturated fat). The participants are on their specified diets for one month. The researcher measures cholesterol levels at the beginning and end of the study. What type of design classification is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-subjects design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  Associational design 
A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-subjects design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  Associational design

Question 14

Within-subjects designs may have the following problem(s):

Accepted Answer

A)  Carryover effects 
B)  Order effects 
C)  Reduced error variance 
D)  a and b 
A)  Carryover effects 
B)  Order effects 
C)  Reduced error variance 
D)  a and b

Question 15

A researcher is studying the effects of salicylates on hearing. A group of participants who are on the same salicylate regimen for arthritis are followed over 6 months. Hearing tests are conducted at the start of the study and at two-month intervals until the end of the study. What type of general design classification is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-subjects design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  Associational design 
A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-subjects design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  Associational design

Question 16

The above design is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-subjects design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-subjects design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  None of the above

Question 17

A researcher is studying fear of flying with a flight simulator. One group of participants will receive an uneventful trip and the other group encounters turbulence. Due to the confined space in the simulator, the researcher matches pairs of participants on claustrophobia before the study and then assigns them randomly to the groups. In regard to data analysis, what type of general design classification would this be?

Accepted Answer

A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-groups design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Between-groups design 
B)  Within-groups design 
C)  Mixed design 
D)  None of the above

Question 18

The above study (#12) is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

A)  4 × 2 design with repeated measures on both factors 
B)  4 × 2 mixed design with repeated measures 
C)  Single-factor design with 4 levels 
D)  2 × 2 × 2 design with repeated measures on the last two factors 
A)  4 × 2 design with repeated measures on both factors 
B)  4 × 2 mixed design with repeated measures 
C)  Single-factor design with 4 levels 
D)  2 × 2 × 2 design with repeated measures on the last two factors

Question 19

Sister Wendy is studying differences between art styles (classic versus modern), genders, and ages (young, middle, and old). Her design would be classified as:

Accepted Answer

A)  2 × 2 × 3 factorial design 
B)  2 × 2 × 3 factorial design with repeated measures on the 3rd factor 
C)  2 × 2 × 3 factorial design with repeated measures on all factors 
D)  2 × 3 factorial design 
E)  2 × 3 × 4 factorial design 
A)  2 × 2 × 3 factorial design 
B)  2 × 2 × 3 factorial design with repeated measures on the 3rd factor 
C)  2 × 2 × 3 factorial design with repeated measures on all factors 
D)  2 × 3 factorial design 
E)  2 × 3 × 4 factorial design

Question 20

Using Figure 18.1 in the text , diagram a pretest-posttest nonequivalent comparison-group design.

Accepted Answer

None

Exam 18: General Design Classifications for Selection of Difference Statistical Methods

The Solomon four-group design is a mixed design that measures pretest effects.

What is the difference between within-subjects designs and between-groups designs?

The independent variable is a within-subjects design is usually an attribute IV.

Randomized experimental, quasi-experimental, and associational approaches all fit within one of three categories or labels known as "general design classification".

A researcher is doing a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables does this study have?

The independent variable in a between-groups design must be an active IV.

What do the numbers in a "3 × 4 × 2 factorial design" indicate?

A researcher is studying the effects of caffeine on sleeplessness (measured as the amount of time spent awake in a 24 hour period). A group of participants are randomly assigned to one of three groups (no caffeine, low caffeine, high caffeine). What type of general design classification is this?

The one group pretest-posttest design is an example of a mixed design.

The within-subjects design has appeal for the following reason(s):

A researcher is studying medication compliance with three types of antibiotics. Each participant is measured for compliance for all three antibiotics. If the researcher requires 10 participants for each condition, how many participants (total) will be required for the study?

Within-subjects designs may have the following problem(s):

The above design is an example of:

The above study (#12) is an example of a:

Sister Wendy is studying differences between art styles (classic versus modern), genders, and ages (young, middle, and old). Her design would be classified as:

Using Figure 18.1 in the text , diagram a pretest-posttest nonequivalent comparison-group design.

Definitions, Purposes, and Dimensions of Research

Planning a Quantitative Research Project

Variables, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

Research Approaches

Randomized Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Subject Designs

Nonexperimental Approachesdesigns

Internal Validity

Sampling and Introduction to External Validity

Measurement and Descriptive Statistics

Measurement Reliability

Measurement Validity

Types of Data Collection Techniques

Ethical Issues in Conducting the Study

Practical Issues in Data Collection and Coding

Making Inferences From Sample Data I: The Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Approach

Making Inferences From Sample Data II: the Evidence-Based Approach

Selection of Appropriate Statistical Methods: Integration of Design and Analysis

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Basic Difference Questions

Analysis and Interpretation of Basic Associational Research Questions

Analysis and Interpretation of Complex Research Questions

Evaluating Research Validity: Part I

Evaluating Research Validity: Part II

Evaluating Research for Evidence-Based Practice

Writing the Research Report

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