Question 1

Most nonparametric tests use a ranking procedure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

The level of measurement for the dependent variable does not affect the amount of information gleaned from the data.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 3

There are some advantages to using a repeated-measures design, such as:

Accepted Answer

A)  Variability among participants is increased 
B)  Type I error variance is greater, increasing the probability of a significant difference 
C)  Fewer participants are needed 
D)  b and c 
A)  Variability among participants is increased 
B)  Type I error variance is greater, increasing the probability of a significant difference 
C)  Fewer participants are needed 
D)  b and c C

Question 4

The single-factor between-groups design may have an independent variable with:

Accepted Answer

A)  Two levels 
B)  Three levels 
C)  Four levels 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Two levels 
B)  Three levels 
C)  Four levels 
D)  All of the above

Question 5

Post-hoc comparisons are necessary when the overall F is significant and the independent variable has two levels.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Compared to parametric analyses, nonparametric tests

Accepted Answer

A)  Have greater power 
B)  Increase the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis 
C)  Are more often based on rankings 
D)  Are most appropriate when one has interval or ratio data. 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Have greater power 
B)  Increase the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis 
C)  Are more often based on rankings 
D)  Are most appropriate when one has interval or ratio data. 
E)  None of the above

Question 7

A researcher decides to use non-parametric statistics for her study's analyses because:

Accepted Answer

A)  The independent variable is at an ordinal level 
B)  The dependent variable is at an ordinal level 
C)  The independent variable is not normally distributed 
D)  b and c 
A)  The independent variable is at an ordinal level 
B)  The dependent variable is at an ordinal level 
C)  The independent variable is not normally distributed 
D)  b and c

Question 8

Nonparametric tests are typically not as powerful as parametric tests.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks is used in a repeated-measures designs when:

Accepted Answer

A)  The independent variable has only two levels 
B)  There are two independent variables 
C)  The dependent variable is an ordinal level of measurement 
D)  a and c 
A)  The independent variable has only two levels 
B)  There are two independent variables 
C)  The dependent variable is an ordinal level of measurement 
D)  a and c

Question 10

Multiple comparisons between groups using t tests is discouraged because:

Accepted Answer

A)  The probability of as Type I error is increased 
B)  The probability of a Type II error is increased 
C)  The degrees of freedom are substantially increased 
D)  a and c 
A)  The probability of as Type I error is increased 
B)  The probability of a Type II error is increased 
C)  The degrees of freedom are substantially increased 
D)  a and c

Question 11

Data should be at least ordinal level when using the single-factor ANOVA.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Joan Bliss wants to find out if there are gender differences in marital satisfaction. She has 40 sets of spouses complete the 10-item Dyadic Adjustment Scale, which is an interval measure. She used an independent samples t test to compare wives to husbands, and found husbands to be significantly happier t(78) = 6.23, p < .001. What did Dr. Bliss do wrong here?

Accepted Answer

A)  One shouldn't test for gender differences; it's politically incorrect 
B)  Dr. Bliss should have used an F test because she had a nondirectional hypothesis 
C)  She should have used a Wilcoxon matched-pairs test because the dependent variable was an interval measure 
D)  Dr. Bliss used an independent samples t test with groups who are dependent 
E)  She should have done a randomized experiment to examine gender differences 
A)  One shouldn't test for gender differences; it's politically incorrect 
B)  Dr. Bliss should have used an F test because she had a nondirectional hypothesis 
C)  She should have used a Wilcoxon matched-pairs test because the dependent variable was an interval measure 
D)  Dr. Bliss used an independent samples t test with groups who are dependent 
E)  She should have done a randomized experiment to examine gender differences

Question 13

The numbers of independent pieces of information from a study's data are used to figure the degrees of freedom.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Single-factor between-groups designs are interpreted differently due to their relative internal validity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Carryover effects reduce the design flexibility of repeated-measures designs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Explain what the numbers mean in the following: t₂₈₀= 6.21, p = .032.

Accepted Answer

The subscript, 280, indicates that there

Question 17

The matching procedure can be used to increase error variance with repeated-measures designs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

A researcher does a series of studies to see what affects motor development. In Study 1, preterm infants are compared to full-term infants on their motor development at one year of age.
In Study 2, the motor development of two groups is compared: one-year-olds whose parents
had enrolled them in "baby gymnastics" versus one-year-olds without this experience. In
Study 3, six-month-olds are randomly assigned to a group that receives extra large-motor
stimulation (in "walkers") versus no enrichment; the two groups' large-motor skills are
compared at twelve months.
Assuming that the test of motor development is at the interval level, which type of statistical
test is most appropriate for each study?
Study 1:
Study 2:
Study 3:
t test(for all)
What type of approach is used in each study?

Accepted Answer

Study 1: [comparativ

Question 19

The t test provides more power than an ANOVA when using a directional hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The t test for correlated samples utilizes change scores.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 20: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Basic Difference Questions

Most nonparametric tests use a ranking procedure.

The level of measurement for the dependent variable does not affect the amount of information gleaned from the data.

There are some advantages to using a repeated-measures design, such as:

The single-factor between-groups design may have an independent variable with:

Post-hoc comparisons are necessary when the overall F is significant and the independent variable has two levels.

Compared to parametric analyses, nonparametric tests

A researcher decides to use non-parametric statistics for her study's analyses because:

Nonparametric tests are typically not as powerful as parametric tests.

The Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks is used in a repeated-measures designs when:

Multiple comparisons between groups using t tests is discouraged because:

Data should be at least ordinal level when using the single-factor ANOVA.

The numbers of independent pieces of information from a study's data are used to figure the degrees of freedom.

Single-factor between-groups designs are interpreted differently due to their relative internal validity.

Carryover effects reduce the design flexibility of repeated-measures designs.

Explain what the numbers mean in the following: t₂₈₀= 6.21, p = .032.

The matching procedure can be used to increase error variance with repeated-measures designs.

The t test provides more power than an ANOVA when using a directional hypothesis.

The t test for correlated samples utilizes change scores.

Definitions, Purposes, and Dimensions of Research

Planning a Quantitative Research Project

Variables, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

Research Approaches

Randomized Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Subject Designs

Nonexperimental Approachesdesigns

Internal Validity

Sampling and Introduction to External Validity

Measurement and Descriptive Statistics

Measurement Reliability

Measurement Validity

Types of Data Collection Techniques

Ethical Issues in Conducting the Study

Practical Issues in Data Collection and Coding

Making Inferences From Sample Data I: The Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Approach

Making Inferences From Sample Data II: the Evidence-Based Approach

General Design Classifications for Selection of Difference Statistical Methods

Selection of Appropriate Statistical Methods: Integration of Design and Analysis

Analysis and Interpretation of Basic Associational Research Questions

Analysis and Interpretation of Complex Research Questions

Evaluating Research Validity: Part I

Evaluating Research Validity: Part II

Evaluating Research for Evidence-Based Practice

Writing the Research Report

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