Exam 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Analysis of a single DNA strand yielded this information on amounts of some nucleotides: 43 units of cytosine and 51 units of adenine.What amounts would you expect of guanine and thymine in that strand? What amounts would you expect of all bases in the complementary strand?

How is the single-stranded mRNA that leaves the nucleus translated into proteins?

What are the advantages of using ATP as the energy-transferring molecule in a cell?

In the process of ________ a phosphate group is attached to a molecule.

Explain how these statements differ, and identify which one(s)is/are correct.Explain what is wrong with each incorrect statement. A.A chemical reaction is at equilibrium when there is no further change in substrates. B.A chemical reaction is at equilibrium when the amounts of substrates and product no longer change. C.A chemical reaction stops when it reaches equilibrium. D.A chemical reaction is at equilibrium when the amount of substrate equals the amount of product.

The TAC sequence of DNA is the ________ of a coding sequence that is preceded by the ________ that regulates transcription.

RNA is usually ________ -stranded.

Match the specific enzyme to its class. -dehydratase

Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)binds to the enzyme glycogen synthase (GS), increasing the probability of enzyme-substrate binding.G6P is an example of a(n)________.Based on its name, what do you think is the role of GS?

Define substrate and product.Are these definitions relative or absolute, and why?

The rate of product formation by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction would be increased by

An enzyme that transfers phosphates from ATP to a substrate molecule is a

Glucose is phosphorylated to ________ with a phosphate from ________.

Based on the facts about chemical equilibria in animal systems, indicate for each summary reaction below if it is reversible or irreversible (don't worry about balancing the reactions).Explain the lack of reversibility.In what kind of system would the reaction(s)you selected as irreversible be reversible? Explain. A.C₆H₁₂O₆ → CO₂ + H₂O B.ADP + Pᵢ → ATP C.H₂O + CO₂ → H₂CO₃

End-product inhibition describes the process whereby

Metabolic intermediates use ________ bonds to transfer energy to the high-energy bonds of ATP, NADH, FADH₂ or NADPH.

All of the triplet codes needed to produce exactly one functional piece of RNA are found in one

ATP synthase transfers the ________ energy of the H⁺ ions to the high-energy phosphate bond of ________.

Carbon dioxide and water readily combine to form carbonic acid.The change in pH as the acid dissociates can be demonstrated with an indicator dye that changes color at a particular pH.In your physiology lab, you perform this experiment in two beakers containing room-temperature water and indicator, labeled Resting and Exercise based upon the status of the student who exhaled through a straw into the solution.The Resting student had been sitting at the table for 30 minutes before exhaling while the Exercise student had just finished sprinting up the stairs to class late.A stopwatch was used to measure how long it took for the solutions to change color.The following data were generated by the students.Explain why the time required for the color to change was different between groups, using the word substrate in your answer. Student Time for reaction (seconds): Resting Time for reaction (seconds): Exercising 1 123 20 2 114 23 3 136 17

For each NADH molecule that moves through the electron transport system, what is the potential yield of ATP molecules?