Exam 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Candy bars are well known to supply large amounts of energy for metabolism.With all this energy trapped inside, how can the candy bar sit still on the shelf in the grocery store?

Inside the matrix of the mitochondria, pyruvate

Carbonic acid is generated by bubbling CO₂ into a beaker of water.If it took 5 minutes for this reaction to reach equilibrium, how would the results differ if the enzyme carbonic anhydrase was added to the beaker of water? Explain using the concept of the energy hill.

________ describes how much product is generated or substrate destroyed within a period of time.

What happens to the oxygen that is metabolized within the mitochondria?

The process of forming mRNA is called

Explain how the analogy of a ball and a hill is useful for describing the forms of energy to beginning physiology students.Use the synthesis of glucose by plants and the break down of glucose by humans as specific examples of the energy hill.

In the reaction shown, identify the role of each of the participants. CO₂ + H₂O H₂CO₃ -H₂CO₃

Information stored in the nucleus is translated into

Carbon dioxide and water readily combine to form carbonic acid.The change in pH as the acid dissociates can be demonstrated with an indicator dye that changes color at a particular pH.In your physiology lab, you perform this experiment in two beakers containing room-temperature water and indicator, labeled as A and B.CO₂ is bubbled into solutions A and B from a pressurized tank for 10 seconds.A stopwatch was used to measure how long it took for the solutions to change color.The data below were generated by the students. Student Time for reaction (seconds) Solution A Time for reaction ( seconds): Solution B 1 62 1 2 58 2 3 57 3 Write the chemical equation for this reaction.Determine average values for each beaker.Explain how the reaction times differed.What may be present in beaker B that is absent from beaker A?

To activate a regulated gene, the formation of mRNA is ________ by the binding of ________ to the promoter.

The ________ contains the coding sequence of the gene.

Chemical reactions that release energy are said to be ________.

An exergonic chemical reaction

What are the five ways that cells regulate flow of molecules through their metabolic pathways?

Phosphate groups may be transferred from one molecule to another during

The folding of proteins occurs via the formation of weak ________ and ________ bonds between amino acids.Much stronger covalent bonds like ________ bonds can occur between ________ amino acids.

Match the specific enzyme to its class. -synthetase

Changes in environmental pH or temperature will cause the reaction rate for an enzyme to

A certain reaction pathway consists of four steps.How would decreasing the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the second step affect the process?