Question 1

Explain what a concentration gradient is and how it assists a cell in doing its work.

Accepted Answer

A concentration gradient is a difference

Question 2

The peptide bond formed between amino acids occurs as a consequence of ________.

Accepted Answer

dehydratio

Question 3

Organic molecules that act as receptors/carriers for the cleaved portion of the substrate are

Accepted Answer

A)  vitamins. 
B)  isoenzymes. 
C)  coenzymes. 
D)  modulators. 
A)  vitamins. 
B)  isoenzymes. 
C)  coenzymes. 
D)  modulators.

Question 4

When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium,

Accepted Answer

A)  there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products. 
B)  the reaction is proceeding at its maximum rate. 
C)  the reaction has stopped. 
D)  there are equivalent amounts of substrates and products. 
A)  there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products. 
B)  the reaction is proceeding at its maximum rate. 
C)  the reaction has stopped. 
D)  there are equivalent amounts of substrates and products.

Question 5

Graph the effects of changing pH on enzyme activity.In humans, what is the pH for optimal activity of most enzymes?

Accepted Answer

See Figure 4.6 in th

Question 6

The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's ________; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cytoplasm, cytoplasm 
B)  mitochondria, mitochondria 
C)  cytoplasm, mitochondria 
D)  mitochondria, cytoplasm 
A)  cytoplasm, cytoplasm 
B)  mitochondria, mitochondria 
C)  cytoplasm, mitochondria 
D)  mitochondria, cytoplasm

Question 7

The general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is

Accepted Answer

A)  thermodynamics. 
B)  bioenergetics. 
C)  entropy. 
D)  kinetic energy. 
E)  potential energy. 
A)  thermodynamics. 
B)  bioenergetics. 
C)  entropy. 
D)  kinetic energy. 
E)  potential energy.

Question 8

Define the law of mass action.

Accepted Answer

When a reaction is at equilibr

Question 9

During starvation, steroid hormones trigger the transcription of genes for lipid metabolism in their target cells.This would be an example of control by

Accepted Answer

A)  negative feedback. 
B)  positive feedback. 
C)  repressors. 
D)  inducers. 
E)  alternative splicing. 
A)  negative feedback. 
B)  positive feedback. 
C)  repressors. 
D)  inducers. 
E)  alternative splicing.

Question 10

An enzyme that adds or subtracts water molecules is a

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrolase. 
B)  lipase. 
C)  transferase. 
D)  ligase. 
E)  kinase. 
A)  hydrolase. 
B)  lipase. 
C)  transferase. 
D)  ligase. 
E)  kinase.

Question 11

Protein folding can take place spontaneously or with ________.

Accepted Answer

molecular

Question 12

A certain molecule that participates in more than one biochemical pathway and acts as a branch point for channeling substrate in one direction or another is called a ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A certain molecule that participates in more...

Question 13

The enzyme ________ and ________ ions are required for the synthesis of mRNA.

Accepted Answer

RNA polyme

Question 14

Some diseases, such as phenylketonuria, classical hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and muscular dystrophy are a result of enzyme malfunction.Each of these diseases is inherited.Explain how there might be a relationship among these observations.

Accepted Answer

Inheritance is determined by the message

Question 15

For the following strand of DNA, use the table below to provide: bases for the complementary mRNA and bases for the corresponding tRNA molecules and the associated amino acids.What do you notice about the relationship between the DNA and the anticodons? What do you notice about the genetic code for proline in the peptide? How would the loss of the first G or switching that G to a T affect the structure and function of this protein?
DNA: GGC CTA CAA GCC GGA ACA GTT ACC GCG TAA CGA
mRNA:
tRNA:

Accepted Answer

mRNA: CCG GAU GUU CGG CCU UGU CAA UGG CG

Question 16

Chemical reactions in a living system function to

Accepted Answer

A)  only transfer energy from one molecule to another. 
B)  create new energy. 
C)  only use energy stored in a molecule. 
D)  transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule. 
A)  only transfer energy from one molecule to another. 
B)  create new energy. 
C)  only use energy stored in a molecule. 
D)  transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule.

Question 17

The ________ of glycogen from many glucose molecules is an ________ reaction.

Accepted Answer

A)  decomposition, endergonic 
B)  synthesis, exergonic 
C)  decomposition, exergonic 
D)  synthesis, endergonic 
A)  decomposition, endergonic 
B)  synthesis, exergonic 
C)  decomposition, exergonic 
D)  synthesis, endergonic

Question 18

Transcription of the DNA triplet sequence CAT will bind to the tRNA bearing

Accepted Answer

A)  CAT. 
B)  GTA. 
C)  GUA. 
D)  ATU. 
A)  CAT. 
B)  GTA. 
C)  GUA. 
D)  ATU.

Question 19

According to the second law of thermodynamics,

Accepted Answer

A)  the amount of entropy in living systems increases without the input of energy. 
B)  entropy decreases in living systems that are not receiving energy. 
C)  energy can be converted, but not be created nor destroyed. 
D)  the total amount of energy in the universe never changes. 
A)  the amount of entropy in living systems increases without the input of energy. 
B)  entropy decreases in living systems that are not receiving energy. 
C)  energy can be converted, but not be created nor destroyed. 
D)  the total amount of energy in the universe never changes.

Question 20

The activity of an enzyme is changed by environmental factors such as temperature or pH; these factors are referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  specificity. 
B)  common bond. 
C)  modulators. 
D)  isozyme. 
E)  product. 
A)  specificity. 
B)  common bond. 
C)  modulators. 
D)  isozyme. 
E)  product.

Exam 4: Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Explain what a concentration gradient is and how it assists a cell in doing its work.

The peptide bond formed between amino acids occurs as a consequence of ________.

Organic molecules that act as receptors/carriers for the cleaved portion of the substrate are

When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium,

Graph the effects of changing pH on enzyme activity.In humans, what is the pH for optimal activity of most enzymes?

The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's ________; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the ________.

The general term that describes energy stored in chemical bonds is

Define the law of mass action.

During starvation, steroid hormones trigger the transcription of genes for lipid metabolism in their target cells.This would be an example of control by

An enzyme that adds or subtracts water molecules is a

Protein folding can take place spontaneously or with ________.

A certain molecule that participates in more than one biochemical pathway and acts as a branch point for channeling substrate in one direction or another is called a ________.

The enzyme ________ and ________ ions are required for the synthesis of mRNA.

Some diseases, such as phenylketonuria, classical hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and muscular dystrophy are a result of enzyme malfunction.Each of these diseases is inherited.Explain how there might be a relationship among these observations.

Chemical reactions in a living system function to

The ________ of glycogen from many glucose molecules is an ________ reaction.

Transcription of the DNA triplet sequence CAT will bind to the tRNA bearing

According to the second law of thermodynamics,

The activity of an enzyme is changed by environmental factors such as temperature or pH; these factors are referred to as

Introduction to Physiology

Molecular Interactions

Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

Membrane Dynamics

Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

Introduction to the Endocrine System

Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties

The Central Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control

Muscles

Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement

Cardiovascular Physiology

Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure

Blood

Mechanics of Breathing

Gas Exchange and Transport

The Kidneys

Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energy Balance

Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism

The Immune System

Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

Reproduction and Development

Filters

The reactions of glycolysis occur in the cell's ; the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in the .

The enzyme and ions are required for the synthesis of mRNA.

The of glycogen from many glucose molecules is an reaction.