Question 1

Neurotransmitters are released from the

Accepted Answer

A)  dendrites. 
B)  axon terminals. 
C)  collaterals. 
D)  axon hillock. 
E)  synapse. 
A)  dendrites. 
B)  axon terminals. 
C)  collaterals. 
D)  axon hillock. 
E)  synapse.

Question 2

Compare and contrast the communication mechanisms between the nervous and endocrine systems.In other words, how do neurons and neurotransmitters signal to their postsynaptic cells, compared to the way endocrine glands and hormones communicate with their target cells?

Accepted Answer

(Note to instructor: Students must have

Question 3

Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol all have effects on

Accepted Answer

A)  action potential conduction. 
B)  long-term potentiation. 
C)  synaptic activity. 
D)  neurotransmitter degradation. 
E)  neurotransmitter reuptake. 
A)  action potential conduction. 
B)  long-term potentiation. 
C)  synaptic activity. 
D)  neurotransmitter degradation. 
E)  neurotransmitter reuptake.

Question 4

Use the Nernst equation to predict the membrane potential for each ion.

Accepted Answer

EK+ = 61 log 150/5 =

Question 5

Match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found.
-astrocytes

Accepted Answer

A) central nervous system 
B) peripheral nervous system 
A) central nervous system 
B) peripheral nervous system

Question 6

The amplitude of an action potential depends in part on the amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid.Stanley Student has carefully impaled a neuron with an intracellular electrode.He tests the role of extracellular sodium by changing the concentration in the bathing fluid and recording an action potential after each change.The data he generated are shown in the table, where amplitude listed is the peak amplitude of the action potential; make an appropriate graph.
 $$\begin{array} { | l | l | } 
\hline \text { Conc. Sodium (mOsM) } & \text { Amp. (mV) } \
\hline 100 & 90 \
\hline 120 & 91 \
\hline 140 & 92 \
\hline 160 & 94 \
\hline 180 & 96 \
\hline 200 & 10 \
\hline
\end{array}$$

Accepted Answer

The answer of The amplitude of an action potential depends...

Question 7

In the graphs below, identify normokalemia, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia.

Accepted Answer

See Figure

Question 8

Schwann cells are the primary type of glial cell associated with the central nervous system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once).
-originate(s)on dendrites and cell bodies

Accepted Answer

A) graded potential 
B) action potential 
C) both 
A) graded potential 
B) action potential 
C) both

Question 10

Once the stimulus alters the receptor on the cell's membrane, what happens next?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ion channels open, allowing ions to enter or exit. 
B)  The membrane permeability is altered. 
C)  A second messenger is activated on the inside of the cell. 
D)  Any of these actions could happen next. 
A)  Ion channels open, allowing ions to enter or exit. 
B)  The membrane permeability is altered. 
C)  A second messenger is activated on the inside of the cell. 
D)  Any of these actions could happen next.

Question 11

The rising phase of the action potential is due to

Accepted Answer

A)  Na⁺ flow into the cell only. 
B)  Na⁺ flow out of the cell only. 
C)  K⁺ flow out of the cell only. 
D)  K⁺ flow into the cell only. 
E)  Na⁺ flow out of the cell and K⁺ flow into the cell. 
A)  Na⁺ flow into the cell only. 
B)  Na⁺ flow out of the cell only. 
C)  K⁺ flow out of the cell only. 
D)  K⁺ flow into the cell only. 
E)  Na⁺ flow out of the cell and K⁺ flow into the cell.

Question 12

Graded potentials that increase the likelihood of an action potential bring the ________ closer to threshold.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Graded potentials that increase the likelihood of...

Question 13

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?

Accepted Answer

A)  spatial summation 
B)  temporal summation 
C)  inhibition of the impulse 
D)  hyperpolarization 
E)  decrease in speed of impulse transmission 
A)  spatial summation 
B)  temporal summation 
C)  inhibition of the impulse 
D)  hyperpolarization 
E)  decrease in speed of impulse transmission

Question 14

Multiple sclerosis (MS)is one of the better known diseases resulting from demyelination of axons (in MS, only CNS axons are affected).Some of the earliest symptoms of the disease are difficulty in focusing the eyes, such as in reading, and difficulty in maintaining balance, and frequently not being able to make adjustments in posture to avoid falling.How do these symptoms "fit" with what you know about nerve impulses, myelin sheaths, and the location of gated ion channels in the membranes of axons?

Accepted Answer

Symptoms listed all involve loss of moto

Question 15

Match the part of the neuron to its description (answers may be used more than once).
-contribute(s)most to membrane surface area of cell

Accepted Answer

A) dendrites 
B) axon 
C) cell body 
A) dendrites 
B) axon 
C) cell body

Question 16

When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time, their effects are additive and ________ occurs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When two or more graded potentials arrive...

Question 17

Arrange the following events in the proper sequence:
1)Efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential.
2)Afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential.
3)Effector organ responds by performing output.
4)Integrating center reaches decision about response.
5)Sensory organ detects change in the environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  2, 3, 5, 1, 4 
B)  5, 2, 4, 1, 3 
C)  5, 1, 4, 2, 3 
D)  5, 3, 4, 2, 1 
E)  3, 1, 4, 2, 5 
A)  2, 3, 5, 1, 4 
B)  5, 2, 4, 1, 3 
C)  5, 1, 4, 2, 3 
D)  5, 3, 4, 2, 1 
E)  3, 1, 4, 2, 5

Question 18

Myelin is formed by

Accepted Answer

A)  axons only. 
B)  Schwann cells only. 
C)  oligodendrocytes only. 
D)  Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. 
A)  axons only. 
B)  Schwann cells only. 
C)  oligodendrocytes only. 
D)  Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.

Question 19

Once the action potential reaches the axon terminal, what happens next?

Accepted Answer

A)  exocytosis of a neurocrine 
B)  release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft 
C)  release of a neurohormone into the blood 
D)  Any of the above could happen next. 
A)  exocytosis of a neurocrine 
B)  release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft 
C)  release of a neurohormone into the blood 
D)  Any of the above could happen next.

Question 20

Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once).
-require(s)a minimum stimulus to occur

Accepted Answer

A) graded potential 
B) action potential 
C) both 
A) graded potential 
B) action potential 
C) both

Exam 8: Neurons: Cellular and Network Properties

Neurotransmitters are released from the

Compare and contrast the communication mechanisms between the nervous and endocrine systems.In other words, how do neurons and neurotransmitters signal to their postsynaptic cells, compared to the way endocrine glands and hormones communicate with their target cells?

Caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol all have effects on

Use the Nernst equation to predict the membrane potential for each ion.

Match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found. -astrocytes

In the graphs below, identify normokalemia, hyperkalemia, and hypokalemia.

Schwann cells are the primary type of glial cell associated with the central nervous system.

Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once). -originate(s)on dendrites and cell bodies

Once the stimulus alters the receptor on the cell's membrane, what happens next?

The rising phase of the action potential is due to

Graded potentials that increase the likelihood of an action potential bring the ________ closer to threshold.

When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what occurs?

Match the part of the neuron to its description (answers may be used more than once). -contribute(s)most to membrane surface area of cell

When two or more graded potentials arrive at the trigger zone within a short period of time, their effects are additive and ________ occurs.

Myelin is formed by

Once the action potential reaches the axon terminal, what happens next?

Match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once). -require(s)a minimum stimulus to occur

Introduction to Physiology

Molecular Interactions

Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues

Energy and Cellular Metabolism

Membrane Dynamics

Communication, Integration, and Homeostasis

Introduction to the Endocrine System

The Central Nervous System

Sensory Physiology

Efferent Division: Autonomic and Somatic Motor Control

Muscles

Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement

Cardiovascular Physiology

Blood Flow and the Control of Blood Pressure

Blood

Mechanics of Breathing

Gas Exchange and Transport

The Kidneys

Integrative Physiology II: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The Digestive System

Metabolism and Energy Balance

Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism

The Immune System

Integrative Physiology III: Exercise

Reproduction and Development

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