Question 1

The largest category of primary malignant brain tumors that arise from cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are called:

Accepted Answer

A)  gliomas. 
B)  sarcomas. 
C)  lymphomas. 
D)  myelomas. 
A)  gliomas. 
B)  sarcomas. 
C)  lymphomas. 
D)  myelomas.

Question 2

How does the heart rate change as intracranial pressure increases?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rate decreases 
B)  Rate increases 
C)  No change in rate 
D)  Irregular heart rate 
A)  Rate decreases 
B)  Rate increases 
C)  No change in rate 
D)  Irregular heart rate

Question 3

In which type of neuron is progressive degeneration occurring with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Upper motor neurons 
B)  Upper and lower motor neurons 
C)  Motor and sensory neurons 
D)  Motor, sensory, and autonomic system neurons 
A)  Upper motor neurons 
B)  Upper and lower motor neurons 
C)  Motor and sensory neurons 
D)  Motor, sensory, and autonomic system neurons

Question 4

Which of the following applies to the corticospinal tract?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is an ascending tract. 
B)  The nerve fibers conduct sensory impulses. 
C)  It is an extrapyramidal tract. 
D)  It is a pyramidal tract for efferent impulses. 
A)  It is an ascending tract. 
B)  The nerve fibers conduct sensory impulses. 
C)  It is an extrapyramidal tract. 
D)  It is a pyramidal tract for efferent impulses.

Question 5

Which of the following are common early signs of multiple sclerosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Paralysis of the lower body, impaired cognitive function 
B)  Areas of numbness, weakness in the legs, visual problems 
C)  Sensory deficit in the legs and trunk, memory loss, urinary incontinence 
D)  Tremors, speech impairment, hearing loss 
A)  Paralysis of the lower body, impaired cognitive function 
B)  Areas of numbness, weakness in the legs, visual problems 
C)  Sensory deficit in the legs and trunk, memory loss, urinary incontinence 
D)  Tremors, speech impairment, hearing loss

Question 6

Huntington's disease is diagnosed by:

Accepted Answer

A)  urinalysis. 
B)  motor skills tests. 
C)  DNA analysis. 
D)  antibody agglutination test. 
A)  urinalysis. 
B)  motor skills tests. 
C)  DNA analysis. 
D)  antibody agglutination test.

Question 7

Communicating hydrocephalus causes increased intracranial pressure because of:

Accepted Answer

A)  atresia at the foramen magnum. 
B)  failure of the subarachnoid to absorb CSF. 
C)  obstruction in the lumbar area of the spinal cord. 
D)  scar tissue from encephalitis blocking flow of CSF. 
A)  atresia at the foramen magnum. 
B)  failure of the subarachnoid to absorb CSF. 
C)  obstruction in the lumbar area of the spinal cord. 
D)  scar tissue from encephalitis blocking flow of CSF.

Question 8

In cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome, what does the pathophysiology include?

Accepted Answer

A)  Damage and loss of function in the motor neurons of the spinal cord and medulla 
B)  Encephalopathy, with disorientation, headache, and coma 
C)  Infection and inflammation of the motor cortex 
D)  Inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves, leading to ascending paralysis 
A)  Damage and loss of function in the motor neurons of the spinal cord and medulla 
B)  Encephalopathy, with disorientation, headache, and coma 
C)  Infection and inflammation of the motor cortex 
D)  Inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves, leading to ascending paralysis

Question 9

What is a major function of the limbic system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Overall control of fluid balance 
B)  Required for logical thinking, reason, and decision making 
C)  Determines emotional responses 
D)  Responsible for artistic and musical talents 
A)  Overall control of fluid balance 
B)  Required for logical thinking, reason, and decision making 
C)  Determines emotional responses 
D)  Responsible for artistic and musical talents

Question 10

What are the characteristic changes in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cortical atrophy with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, impairing conduction 
B)  Increased acetylcholine (ACh) and decreased GABA and serotonin levels 
C)  Obstruction of many small arteries and arterioles throughout the cerebral cortex 
D)  Vacuoles forming in the neurons, rapidly destroying them 
A)  Cortical atrophy with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, impairing conduction 
B)  Increased acetylcholine (ACh) and decreased GABA and serotonin levels 
C)  Obstruction of many small arteries and arterioles throughout the cerebral cortex 
D)  Vacuoles forming in the neurons, rapidly destroying them

Question 11

What are the signs of autonomic dysreflexia in a person with cervical spinal injury?

Accepted Answer

A)  Unexpected drop in blood pressure and apnea 
B)  Sudden marked increase in blood pressure with bradycardia 
C)  Hyperreflexia in the arms and legs 
D)  Urinary and bowel incontinence 
A)  Unexpected drop in blood pressure and apnea 
B)  Sudden marked increase in blood pressure with bradycardia 
C)  Hyperreflexia in the arms and legs 
D)  Urinary and bowel incontinence

Question 12

In the weeks following CVA, why might some neurological function return?
1) Presence of collateral circulation
2) Immediate therapy to dissolve thrombi and maintain perfusion
3) Reduced inflammation in the area
4) Development of alternative neuronal pathways

Accepted Answer

A)  1 only 
B)  2 only 
C)  1, 3 
D)  2, 3, 4 
E)  1, 2, 3, 4 
A)  1 only 
B)  2 only 
C)  1, 3 
D)  2, 3, 4 
E)  1, 2, 3, 4

Question 13

Which of the following dietary supplements has reduced the incidence of spina bifida in recent years?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vitamin B6 
B)  Folic acid 
C)  Vitamins A and D 
D)  Zinc and magnesium 
A)  Vitamin B6 
B)  Folic acid 
C)  Vitamins A and D 
D)  Zinc and magnesium

Question 14

In a case of bacterial meningitis, where does swelling and purulent exudate form?

Accepted Answer

A)  In the pia mater, arachnoid, and surface of the entire brain 
B)  In the dura mater and epidural space 
C)  At the site of the injury or entry point of the microbes 
D)  Primarily around the spinal cord 
A)  In the pia mater, arachnoid, and surface of the entire brain 
B)  In the dura mater and epidural space 
C)  At the site of the injury or entry point of the microbes 
D)  Primarily around the spinal cord

Question 15

Which of the following applies to Parkinson's disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Usually develops in men and women over 60 years of age. 
B)  There is no apparent genetic component. 
C)  The majority of cases are predisposed by intake of antipsychotic medications. 
D)  It rarely develops in women. 
A)  Usually develops in men and women over 60 years of age. 
B)  There is no apparent genetic component. 
C)  The majority of cases are predisposed by intake of antipsychotic medications. 
D)  It rarely develops in women.

Question 16

Why are focal or generalized seizures sometimes an early indication of a brain tumor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Surrounding inflammation stimulates neurons to discharge spontaneously. 
B)  Malignant tumors cause alkalosis, exciting the CNS. 
C)  Systemic effects of the brain tumor may cause seizures. 
D)  Metabolic effects of cancer change blood chemistry to trigger seizures. 
A)  Surrounding inflammation stimulates neurons to discharge spontaneously. 
B)  Malignant tumors cause alkalosis, exciting the CNS. 
C)  Systemic effects of the brain tumor may cause seizures. 
D)  Metabolic effects of cancer change blood chemistry to trigger seizures.

Question 17

What does the term otorrhea mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bleeding from the nose. 
B)  CSF leaking from the ear. 
C)  Torn meninges but no skull fracture. 
D)  Hemorrhage from the ear. 
A)  Bleeding from the nose. 
B)  CSF leaking from the ear. 
C)  Torn meninges but no skull fracture. 
D)  Hemorrhage from the ear.

Question 18

Which of the following characteristics indicates that the CSF is normal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cloudy and pale yellow color 
B)  Presence of erythrocytes 
C)  Presence of numerous leukocytes 
D)  Clear and colorless fluid 
A)  Cloudy and pale yellow color 
B)  Presence of erythrocytes 
C)  Presence of numerous leukocytes 
D)  Clear and colorless fluid

Question 19

Following an injury at L2 to L3, what would indicate recovery from spinal shock?

Accepted Answer

A)  Spastic paraplegia 
B)  Urinary retention 
C)  Labile body temperature 
D)  Increased sensation in the legs 
A)  Spastic paraplegia 
B)  Urinary retention 
C)  Labile body temperature 
D)  Increased sensation in the legs

Question 20

Which of the following factors predispose(s) an individual to a CVA?
1) Hypertension
2) Smoking cigarettes
3) History of coronary artery disease
4) Diabetes mellitus

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 3 
B)  1, 2, 4 
C)  2, 4 
D)  1, 2, 3, 4 
A)  1, 3 
B)  1, 2, 4 
C)  2, 4 
D)  1, 2, 3, 4

Exam 14: Neurological Disorders

The largest category of primary malignant brain tumors that arise from cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are called:

How does the heart rate change as intracranial pressure increases?

In which type of neuron is progressive degeneration occurring with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)?

Which of the following applies to the corticospinal tract?

Which of the following are common early signs of multiple sclerosis?

Huntington's disease is diagnosed by:

Communicating hydrocephalus causes increased intracranial pressure because of:

In cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome, what does the pathophysiology include?

What is a major function of the limbic system?

What are the characteristic changes in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease?

What are the signs of autonomic dysreflexia in a person with cervical spinal injury?

In the weeks following CVA, why might some neurological function return? 1) Presence of collateral circulation 2) Immediate therapy to dissolve thrombi and maintain perfusion 3) Reduced inflammation in the area 4) Development of alternative neuronal pathways

Which of the following dietary supplements has reduced the incidence of spina bifida in recent years?

In a case of bacterial meningitis, where does swelling and purulent exudate form?

Which of the following applies to Parkinson's disease?

Why are focal or generalized seizures sometimes an early indication of a brain tumor?

What does the term otorrhea mean?

Which of the following characteristics indicates that the CSF is normal?

Following an injury at L2 to L3, what would indicate recovery from spinal shock?

Which of the following factors predispose(s) an individual to a CVA? 1) Hypertension 2) Smoking cigarettes 3) History of coronary artery disease 4) Diabetes mellitus

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Introduction to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies

Pain

Inflammation and Healing

Infection

Immunity

Skin Disorders

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Lymphatic System Disorders

Cardiovascular System Disorders

Respiratory System Disorders

Disorders of the Eye, Ear, and Other Sensory Organs

Endocrine System Disorders

Digestive System Disorders

Urinary System Disorders

Reproductive System Disorders

Neoplasms and Cancer

Congenital and Genetic Disorders

Complications due to Pregnancy

Complications due to Adolescence

Complications due to Aging

Immobility and Associated Problems

Stress and Associated Problems

Substance Abuse and Associated Problems

Environmental Hazards and Associated Problems

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