Exam 9: Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years

The average preschooler is exposed to more than __________ hours per day of screen time.

In the United States, almost __________ percent of children are enrolled in some type of child care arrangement outside of the home, which either explicitly or implicitly teaches skills that enhance intellectual and social abilities.

According to Vygotsky, private speech __________.

Children are more capable at an earlier age than Piaget's account would lead us to believe. Piaget underestimated children's cognitive abilities because he __________.

The Head Start program, begun in the 1960s, was designed to promote future academic success and includes a focus on __________.

Margarita takes her son Alejandro to a neighborhood home where he is cared for while she is working. This house in which this child care arrangement takes place is known as a __________.

The game of hide-and-seek is difficult for preschool children. When they attempt to hide, they are often still in plain view. They reason that if they cannot see others, others cannot see them. This is an example of __________.

When a child understands that a lump of cookie dough contains the same amount of dough whether it is rolled into a ball or stretched out flat, the child has attained knowledge of __________.

Contrast social speech to private speech.

Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is known as __________.

Twelve-year-old Anjali loves to tease her little brother, Neel. Her favorite trick is to pour apple juice into a short, wide-mouthed glass and then pour it into a tall, narrow glass. Neel invariably believes that Anjali has magically made more juice. Neel's problem stems from a lack of __________.

Mishka was able to construct a model car with the help of his dad. His dad helped him to organize the pieces of the model and then showed him how to connect the first two pieces. Soon Mishka was working more and more independently. This process is an example of Vygotsky's concept of __________.

Preschoolers are correct in their use of grammar __________ percent of the time.

Research shows that children successfully solve __________ conservation tasks before they solve __________ conservation tasks.

As Corey entered the large playroom at a school, he repeated over and over, "There are lots of toys here," as if reassuring himself as he encountered this new environment. Talking to himself, Corey is demonstrating __________.

A(n) __________, a memory of particular events from one's own life, achieves little accuracy until after 3 years of age. Accuracy then increases gradually and slowly throughout the preschool years.

During the preoperational stage, children's use of __________ thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.