Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a situation that can be explained by classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  development of food preferences 
B)  development of phobias 
C)  innate food preferences 
D)  advertising 
A)  development of food preferences 
B)  development of phobias 
C)  innate food preferences 
D)  advertising C

Question 2

Adrianna's parents nag her because she is not living up to her academic potential. She increases her study time to stop the nagging. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  negative punishment. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  positive punishment. 
A)  negative punishment. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  positive punishment. C

Question 3

In classical conditioning procedures, it is sometimes possible for higher-order conditioning to occur. Explain this process and then illustrate its use citing the research on the acquisition of classically conditioned responses by cancer patients during chemotherapy.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following key points.
* In higher-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.
* The procedure for higher-order conditioning is the same as basic classical conditioning except that a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response that have previously been learned are used instead of an innate unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response.
* Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy typically acquire a conditioned response of nausea to the therapy waiting room and other things associated with the therapy.
* Cancer patients who drank lemon-lime Kool-Aid before therapy sessions developed an anxiety response to the drink even when it was offered to them at home.

Question 4

If you want a response to persist after it has been learned, you should reinforce it intermittently, not continuously.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented with the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning 
B)  Extinction 
C)  Spontaneous recovery 
D)  Stimulus generalization 
A)  Learning 
B)  Extinction 
C)  Spontaneous recovery 
D)  Stimulus generalization

Question 6

If a fourth-grade teacher gives lavish praise for a paper full of grammatical errors, then the child's self-esteem will be bolstered, thus leading to academic improvement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is:

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response. 
A)  conditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response.

Question 8

When people try to use reinforcers to change behaviour, there are two complications that sometimes occur: misuse of rewards and rewards that backfire. Analyze each of these complications. Describe ways in which these complications may be avoided.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 9

Match the examples with the appropriate type of reinforcement or punishment.
-Sally's mother was so happy with the good grade Sally received on her term paper that she bought her a new dress she had been wanting.

Accepted Answer

A) negative punishment 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive punishment 
D) positive reinforcement 
A) negative punishment 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive punishment 
D) positive reinforcement

Question 10

In a classic experiment, Edward Tolman and C. H. Honzik placed three groups of rats in mazes and observed the behaviour of the rats daily for more than two weeks. What were the three conditions in this experiment? What did the results suggest?

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 11

Match the contributions with the appropriate people.
-proposed the concept of instinctive drift

Accepted Answer

A) Dollard and Miller 
B) Robert Rescorla 
C) Walter Mischel 
D) Albert Bandura 
E) Keller and Marian Breland 
A) Dollard and Miller 
B) Robert Rescorla 
C) Walter Mischel 
D) Albert Bandura 
E) Keller and Marian Breland

Question 12

The basic concept underlying classical conditioning is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  nature provides the US-UR relationship, but the learning produced by conditioning creates the CS-CR relationship. 
B)  nature provides the CS-CR relationship, but the learning produced by conditioning creates the US-UR relationship. 
C)  the US acquires some of the power to influence behaviour that was originally limited to the CS. 
D)  the UR acquires some of the power to influence behaviour that was originally limited to the US. 
A)  nature provides the US-UR relationship, but the learning produced by conditioning creates the CS-CR relationship. 
B)  nature provides the CS-CR relationship, but the learning produced by conditioning creates the US-UR relationship. 
C)  the US acquires some of the power to influence behaviour that was originally limited to the CS. 
D)  the UR acquires some of the power to influence behaviour that was originally limited to the US.

Question 13

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept.
-The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned response 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned stimulus 
A) unconditioned response 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) conditioned response 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

In their study of three groups of rats in a maze, Tolman and Honzik noted that ________ occurs without obvious reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  latent learning 
D)  successive approximation 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  latent learning 
D)  successive approximation

Question 15

Edward Tolman demonstrated ________ in his study of rats who initially received no reinforcement in a maze.

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  latent learning 
C)  aversive conditioning 
D)  instinctive drift 
A)  shaping 
B)  latent learning 
C)  aversive conditioning 
D)  instinctive drift

Question 16

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names.
-"Little Albert"

Accepted Answer

A) Edward Tolman 
B) Edward Thorndike 
C) Watson and Rayner 
D) Ivan Pavlov 
E) B. F. Skinner 
A) Edward Tolman 
B) Edward Thorndike 
C) Watson and Rayner 
D) Ivan Pavlov 
E) B. F. Skinner

Question 17

When a three-year-old named Peter was deathly afraid of rabbits, what classical conditioning procedures helped reduce his fear?

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 18

Counterconditioning is a process in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

In Skinner's analysis, an operant behaviour can lead to two types of consequences. Describe these three consequences.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 20

Counterconditioning occurs when a learned response reoccurs after its apparent extinction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Which of the following is NOT a situation that can be explained by classical conditioning?

Adrianna's parents nag her because she is not living up to her academic potential. She increases her study time to stop the nagging. This is an example of:

In classical conditioning procedures, it is sometimes possible for higher-order conditioning to occur. Explain this process and then illustrate its use citing the research on the acquisition of classically conditioned responses by cancer patients during chemotherapy.

If you want a response to persist after it has been learned, you should reinforce it intermittently, not continuously.

________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented with the unconditioned stimulus.

If a fourth-grade teacher gives lavish praise for a paper full of grammatical errors, then the child's self-esteem will be bolstered, thus leading to academic improvement.

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is:

When people try to use reinforcers to change behaviour, there are two complications that sometimes occur: misuse of rewards and rewards that backfire. Analyze each of these complications. Describe ways in which these complications may be avoided.

Match the examples with the appropriate type of reinforcement or punishment. -Sally's mother was so happy with the good grade Sally received on her term paper that she bought her a new dress she had been wanting.

In a classic experiment, Edward Tolman and C. H. Honzik placed three groups of rats in mazes and observed the behaviour of the rats daily for more than two weeks. What were the three conditions in this experiment? What did the results suggest?

Match the contributions with the appropriate people. -proposed the concept of instinctive drift

The basic concept underlying classical conditioning is that:

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

In their study of three groups of rats in a maze, Tolman and Honzik noted that ________ occurs without obvious reinforcement.

Edward Tolman demonstrated ________ in his study of rats who initially received no reinforcement in a maze.

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names. -"Little Albert"

When a three-year-old named Peter was deathly afraid of rabbits, what classical conditioning procedures helped reduce his fear?

Counterconditioning is a process in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

In Skinner's analysis, an operant behaviour can lead to two types of consequences. Describe these three consequences.

Counterconditioning occurs when a learned response reoccurs after its apparent extinction.

What Is Psychology

How Psychologists Do Research

Genes, Evolution, and Environment

The Brain: Source of Mind and Self

Body Rhythms and Mental States

Sensation and Perception

Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context

Thinking and Intelligence

Memory

Emotion, Stress, and Health

Motivation

Development Over the Life Span

Theories of Personality

Psychological Disorders

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy

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Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Which of the following is NOT a situation that can be explained by classical conditioning?

Adrianna's parents nag her because she is not living up to her academic potential. She increases her study time to stop the nagging. This is an example of:

In classical conditioning procedures, it is sometimes possible for higher-order conditioning to occur. Explain this process and then illustrate its use citing the research on the acquisition of classically conditioned responses by cancer patients during chemotherapy.

If you want a response to persist after it has been learned, you should reinforce it intermittently, not continuously.

________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented with the unconditioned stimulus.

If a fourth-grade teacher gives lavish praise for a paper full of grammatical errors, then the child's self-esteem will be bolstered, thus leading to academic improvement.

The classical-conditioning term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning is:

When people try to use reinforcers to change behaviour, there are two complications that sometimes occur: misuse of rewards and rewards that backfire. Analyze each of these complications. Describe ways in which these complications may be avoided.

Match the examples with the appropriate type of reinforcement or punishment. -Sally's mother was so happy with the good grade Sally received on her term paper that she bought her a new dress she had been wanting.

In a classic experiment, Edward Tolman and C. H. Honzik placed three groups of rats in mazes and observed the behaviour of the rats daily for more than two weeks. What were the three conditions in this experiment? What did the results suggest?

Match the contributions with the appropriate people. -proposed the concept of instinctive drift

The basic concept underlying classical conditioning is that:

Match the definitions with the appropriate concept. -The classical-conditioning term for a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

In their study of three groups of rats in a maze, Tolman and Honzik noted that ________ occurs without obvious reinforcement.

Edward Tolman demonstrated ________ in his study of rats who initially received no reinforcement in a maze.

Match the types of learning with the appropriate names. -"Little Albert"

When a three-year-old named Peter was deathly afraid of rabbits, what classical conditioning procedures helped reduce his fear?

Counterconditioning is a process in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

In Skinner's analysis, an operant behaviour can lead to two types of consequences. Describe these three consequences.

Counterconditioning occurs when a learned response reoccurs after its apparent extinction.

What Is Psychology

How Psychologists Do Research

Genes, Evolution, and Environment

The Brain: Source of Mind and Self

Body Rhythms and Mental States

Sensation and Perception

Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context

Thinking and Intelligence

Memory

Emotion, Stress, and Health

Motivation

Development Over the Life Span

Theories of Personality

Psychological Disorders

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy

Filters