Question 1

In using the representativeness heuristic,participants

Accepted Answer

A) extrapolate from a sample of evidence if the category is homogeneous but not if the category is heterogeneous. 
B) are sensitive to the sample size and draw conclusions more readily from a large sample. 
C) seem to assume that all instances of the category resemble the prototype for that category. 
D) rely on base rates. 
A) extrapolate from a sample of evidence if the category is homogeneous but not if the category is heterogeneous. 
B) are sensitive to the sample size and draw conclusions more readily from a large sample. 
C) seem to assume that all instances of the category resemble the prototype for that category. 
D) rely on base rates.

Question 2

Megha cannot sleep at night because she is terribly worried about being robbed,even though robberies are extremely rare in her neighborhood.Which of the following is LEAST likely to be contributing to her fear?

Accepted Answer

A) The "man who story" she heard about the friend of a friend getting robbed one night. 
B) The availability heuristic after hearing about a robbery on the news. 
C) Memory bias for emotional events. 
D) Underestimating sample size for the number of robbers in the world. 
A) The "man who story" she heard about the friend of a friend getting robbed one night. 
B) The availability heuristic after hearing about a robbery on the news. 
C) Memory bias for emotional events. 
D) Underestimating sample size for the number of robbers in the world.

Question 3

Jill has a gut feeling about which college she should attend.In Damasio's words,by using sensations of arousal,Jill is relying on ________ to make her decision.

Accepted Answer

A) somatic markers 
B) rational judgments 
C) utility 
D) risk aversion 
A) somatic markers 
B) rational judgments 
C) utility 
D) risk aversion

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of the gambler's fallacy?

Accepted Answer

A) "I know the chances of winning the lottery are small,but someone has to win it,and I could be the one!" 
B) "I've gotten a low number the last eight times I've rolled the dice,so a high number is coming up soon!" 
C) "There's an equal chance for any team to win the league's championship." 
D) "The best strategy at the horse races is to bet in the same way that the crowd is betting." 
A) "I know the chances of winning the lottery are small,but someone has to win it,and I could be the one!" 
B) "I've gotten a low number the last eight times I've rolled the dice,so a high number is coming up soon!" 
C) "There's an equal chance for any team to win the league's championship." 
D) "The best strategy at the horse races is to bet in the same way that the crowd is betting."

Question 5

Participants are told,"Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day;Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked,"Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question,participants

Accepted Answer

A) seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a smaller sample. 
B) seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a larger sample. 
C) correctly realize that departures from the average case are not dependent on hospital size. 
D) answer correctly,guided by the law of small numbers. 
A) seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a smaller sample. 
B) seem insensitive to the fact that departures from the average case are more likely with a larger sample. 
C) correctly realize that departures from the average case are not dependent on hospital size. 
D) answer correctly,guided by the law of small numbers.

Question 6

Describe the availability and representativeness heuristics,and provide real-life examples of each heuristic leading to an error.Explain why we would rely on these heuristics,if errors can (and do)occur.

Accepted Answer

The availability heuristic is a mental s

Question 7

It would seem sensible to use ________ when making judgments that are not particularly important and ________ for more crucial decisions,but evidence on the dual-process system suggests this is NOT the case.

Accepted Answer

A) Type 1 thinking;Type 2 thinking 
B) Type 2 thinking;Type 1 thinking 
C) Type 1 thinking;heuristics 
D) Type 2 thinking;heuristics 
A) Type 1 thinking;Type 2 thinking 
B) Type 2 thinking;Type 1 thinking 
C) Type 1 thinking;heuristics 
D) Type 2 thinking;heuristics

Question 8

The availability heuristic

Accepted Answer

A) is a time-consuming strategy,so it is employed by participants only when a judgment requires special care. 
B) leads us to overestimate frequency if category members are particularly difficult to remember. 
C) leads us to underestimate frequency because there are usually more category members beyond the ones we recall. 
D) often,but not always,leads to correct estimates because availability in memory is often correlated with frequency in the world. 
A) is a time-consuming strategy,so it is employed by participants only when a judgment requires special care. 
B) leads us to overestimate frequency if category members are particularly difficult to remember. 
C) leads us to underestimate frequency because there are usually more category members beyond the ones we recall. 
D) often,but not always,leads to correct estimates because availability in memory is often correlated with frequency in the world.

Question 9

Tonya is trying to decide which candidate to vote for in the upcoming election.The two candidates have similar positions,and Tonya is having a hard time choosing between them.She decides,therefore,simply to vote for the one who looks more like her idea of a "natural leader." It seems that Tonya is using ________ to make her decision.

Accepted Answer

A) a frequency estimate 
B) attribute substitution 
C) base rates 
D) the availability heuristic 
A) a frequency estimate 
B) attribute substitution 
C) base rates 
D) the availability heuristic

Question 10

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians,so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Accepted Answer

A) illusory covariation. 
B) representativeness. 
C) anchoring. 
D) the availability heuristic. 
A) illusory covariation. 
B) representativeness. 
C) anchoring. 
D) the availability heuristic.

Question 11

Before reading about an individual who has been diagnosed with depression,participants are told that the case is not at all typical.This instruction will

Accepted Answer

A) prevent participants from using the representativeness heuristic. 
B) encourage participants to use the representativeness heuristic. 
C) not affect participants' spontaneous use of the representativeness heuristic. 
D) trigger Type 1 reasoning. 
A) prevent participants from using the representativeness heuristic. 
B) encourage participants to use the representativeness heuristic. 
C) not affect participants' spontaneous use of the representativeness heuristic. 
D) trigger Type 1 reasoning.

Question 12

Your friend Leslie is interested in buying a new car.A consumer magazine says that Car X is the best buy for her budget and needs.However,Leslie's brother bought Car X and hated it.To whom should Leslie listen in this situation? Why might she not?

Accepted Answer

In this situation, Leslie is faced with

Question 13

In one study,participants were shown a film about a family on welfare (financial assistance).Prior to viewing the film,half of the participants were told that the film showed a highly unusual case.The other participants were told that the film showed a quite typical case.After viewing the film,participants were asked their opinions about welfare.On the basis of other evidence,we would expect to find that

Accepted Answer

A) both groups of participants were influenced equally by the film. 
B) neither group of participants was influenced by the film. 
C) participants who were told that the case was unusual were less influenced by the film than those who viewed the typical case. 
D) participants who were told that the case was unusual were not influenced by the film. 
A) both groups of participants were influenced equally by the film. 
B) neither group of participants was influenced by the film. 
C) participants who were told that the case was unusual were less influenced by the film than those who viewed the typical case. 
D) participants who were told that the case was unusual were not influenced by the film.

Question 14

Data format seems to play an important role in decision making because

Accepted Answer

A) the correct format is more likely to trigger the necessary memory. 
B) certain formats,like frequencies,are more likely to encourage base-rate use. 
C) certain formats,like frequencies,are more likely to encourage confirmation bias. 
D) probabilities are easier to understand than proportions. 
A) the correct format is more likely to trigger the necessary memory. 
B) certain formats,like frequencies,are more likely to encourage base-rate use. 
C) certain formats,like frequencies,are more likely to encourage confirmation bias. 
D) probabilities are easier to understand than proportions.

Question 15

The four-card task,in which participants must evaluate a rule by deciding which cards to turn over,provides an example of how

Accepted Answer

A) good we are at reasoning about syllogisms. 
B) good we are at reasoning about most conditional statements. 
C) poor we are at reasoning about some conditional statements. 
D) poorly we perform on inductive tasks. 
A) good we are at reasoning about syllogisms. 
B) good we are at reasoning about most conditional statements. 
C) poor we are at reasoning about some conditional statements. 
D) poorly we perform on inductive tasks.

Question 16

The term "illusory covariation" refers to an error in which participants

Accepted Answer

A) perceive an event as occurring far more often than it actually does. 
B) perceive two variables as being somehow linked to each other when in fact they are not. 
C) draw a conclusion on the basis of a biased or small sample of evidence. 
D) refuse to change their minds even though the available evidence clearly challenges their beliefs. 
A) perceive an event as occurring far more often than it actually does. 
B) perceive two variables as being somehow linked to each other when in fact they are not. 
C) draw a conclusion on the basis of a biased or small sample of evidence. 
D) refuse to change their minds even though the available evidence clearly challenges their beliefs.

Question 17

The availability heuristic is a strategy in which

Accepted Answer

A) category frequencies tend to be overestimated. 
B) people base their estimates of frequency on how easily they can think of examples of the relevant category. 
C) people judge frequency by referring to their sense of familiarity with the category. 
D) category frequencies are estimated on the basis of schematic knowledge. 
A) category frequencies tend to be overestimated. 
B) people base their estimates of frequency on how easily they can think of examples of the relevant category. 
C) people judge frequency by referring to their sense of familiarity with the category. 
D) category frequencies are estimated on the basis of schematic knowledge.

Question 18

Which of the following is the most plausible way to improve performance on the Wason four-card task?

Accepted Answer

A) Reframe the problem so that it uses valid categorical syllogisms instead of conditional statements. 
B) Encourage participants to flip over all of the cards. 
C) Change the context of the problem so that the participant imagines he or she is a cop searching a bar for underage drinkers. 
D) Research suggests that nothing can be done to improve performance on this task. 
A) Reframe the problem so that it uses valid categorical syllogisms instead of conditional statements. 
B) Encourage participants to flip over all of the cards. 
C) Change the context of the problem so that the participant imagines he or she is a cop searching a bar for underage drinkers. 
D) Research suggests that nothing can be done to improve performance on this task.

Question 19

On Wednesday,the local weather channel forecast a 25% chance of rain,so Lisa took her umbrella to work.On Friday,the same station reported a 75% chance of no rain,so Lisa left her umbrella at home.The difference in Lisa's behavior between Wednesday and Friday illustrates the effect of

Accepted Answer

A) the representativeness heuristic. 
B) the availability heuristic. 
C) framing. 
D) confirmation bias. 
A) the representativeness heuristic. 
B) the availability heuristic. 
C) framing. 
D) confirmation bias.

Question 20

The term "covariation" refers in general to

Accepted Answer

A) the relationship between the frequency of objects in the world and their availability in memory. 
B) the pattern of evidence leading participants to the gambler's fallacy. 
C) a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. 
D) the tendency in a pattern of data for observations of one sort to be linked to observations of another sort. 
A) the relationship between the frequency of objects in the world and their availability in memory. 
B) the pattern of evidence leading participants to the gambler's fallacy. 
C) a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables. 
D) the tendency in a pattern of data for observations of one sort to be linked to observations of another sort.

In using the representativeness heuristic,participants

Megha cannot sleep at night because she is terribly worried about being robbed,even though robberies are extremely rare in her neighborhood.Which of the following is LEAST likely to be contributing to her fear?

Jill has a gut feeling about which college she should attend.In Damasio's words,by using sensations of arousal,Jill is relying on ________ to make her decision.

Which of the following is an example of the gambler's fallacy?

Participants are told,"Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day;Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked,"Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question,participants

Describe the availability and representativeness heuristics,and provide real-life examples of each heuristic leading to an error.Explain why we would rely on these heuristics,if errors can (and do)occur.

It would seem sensible to use when making judgments that are not particularly important and for more crucial decisions,but evidence on the dual-process system suggests this is NOT the case.

The availability heuristic

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians,so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Before reading about an individual who has been diagnosed with depression,participants are told that the case is not at all typical.This instruction will

Your friend Leslie is interested in buying a new car.A consumer magazine says that Car X is the best buy for her budget and needs.However,Leslie's brother bought Car X and hated it.To whom should Leslie listen in this situation? Why might she not?

Data format seems to play an important role in decision making because

The four-card task,in which participants must evaluate a rule by deciding which cards to turn over,provides an example of how

The term "illusory covariation" refers to an error in which participants

The availability heuristic is a strategy in which

Which of the following is the most plausible way to improve performance on the Wason four-card task?

On Wednesday,the local weather channel forecast a 25% chance of rain,so Lisa took her umbrella to work.On Friday,the same station reported a 75% chance of no rain,so Lisa left her umbrella at home.The difference in Lisa's behavior between Wednesday and Friday illustrates the effect of

The term "covariation" refers in general to

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 12: Judgment and Reasoning

In using the representativeness heuristic,participants

Megha cannot sleep at night because she is terribly worried about being robbed,even though robberies are extremely rare in her neighborhood.Which of the following is LEAST likely to be contributing to her fear?

Jill has a gut feeling about which college she should attend.In Damasio's words,by using sensations of arousal,Jill is relying on ________ to make her decision.

Which of the following is an example of the gambler's fallacy?

Participants are told,"Hospital A has an average of 45 births per day;Hospital B has an average of only 15 births per day." The participants are then asked,"Which hospital is more likely to have a day in which at least 60% of the babies born are female?" In answering the question,participants

Describe the availability and representativeness heuristics,and provide real-life examples of each heuristic leading to an error.Explain why we would rely on these heuristics,if errors can (and do)occur.

It would seem sensible to use ________ when making judgments that are not particularly important and ________ for more crucial decisions,but evidence on the dual-process system suggests this is NOT the case.

The availability heuristic

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians,so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Before reading about an individual who has been diagnosed with depression,participants are told that the case is not at all typical.This instruction will

Your friend Leslie is interested in buying a new car.A consumer magazine says that Car X is the best buy for her budget and needs.However,Leslie's brother bought Car X and hated it.To whom should Leslie listen in this situation? Why might she not?

Data format seems to play an important role in decision making because

The four-card task,in which participants must evaluate a rule by deciding which cards to turn over,provides an example of how

The term "illusory covariation" refers to an error in which participants

The availability heuristic is a strategy in which

Which of the following is the most plausible way to improve performance on the Wason four-card task?

On Wednesday,the local weather channel forecast a 25% chance of rain,so Lisa took her umbrella to work.On Friday,the same station reported a 75% chance of no rain,so Lisa left her umbrella at home.The difference in Lisa's behavior between Wednesday and Friday illustrates the effect of

The term "covariation" refers in general to

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Problem Solving and Intelligence

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

It would seem sensible to use when making judgments that are not particularly important and for more crucial decisions,but evidence on the dual-process system suggests this is NOT the case.