Question 1

People often compare experts to novices.Which of the following claims about this comparison is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Experts become experts for a reason: they started out with better problem-solving strategies,and this allowed them to reach expert levels of performance. 
B) Experts have a much larger knowledge base,including a large set of exemplars on which they can draw. 
C) Experts are more familiar with the higher-order patterns common in the area of expertise. 
D) Expert knowledge is more heavily cross-referenced and is therefore more easily accessible. 
A) Experts become experts for a reason: they started out with better problem-solving strategies,and this allowed them to reach expert levels of performance. 
B) Experts have a much larger knowledge base,including a large set of exemplars on which they can draw. 
C) Experts are more familiar with the higher-order patterns common in the area of expertise. 
D) Expert knowledge is more heavily cross-referenced and is therefore more easily accessible.

Question 2

Researchers have tried to study the moment of illumination in the laboratory.The evidence indicates that

Accepted Answer

A) this experience cannot be observed reliably in laboratory conditions. 
B) there is no systematic relationship between reports of illumination and actual progress in problem solving. 
C) when participants report an illumination,they are at least as likely to be moving toward a dead end as they are to be moving toward the problem's solution. 
D) when participants report an illumination,they have,in fact,made a discovery that will allow them to solve the problem. 
A) this experience cannot be observed reliably in laboratory conditions. 
B) there is no systematic relationship between reports of illumination and actual progress in problem solving. 
C) when participants report an illumination,they are at least as likely to be moving toward a dead end as they are to be moving toward the problem's solution. 
D) when participants report an illumination,they have,in fact,made a discovery that will allow them to solve the problem.

Question 3

Experts seem able to break a problem into meaningful chunks.This strategy provides all of the following advantages EXCEPT for

Accepted Answer

A) making it easier to remember the various elements of the problem. 
B) highlighting the organization of the problem's elements,making it easier to see the problem's structure. 
C) helping in the identification of subproblems and therefore in the creation of subgoals. 
D) drawing the expert's attention to the problem's microstructure. 
A) making it easier to remember the various elements of the problem. 
B) highlighting the organization of the problem's elements,making it easier to see the problem's structure. 
C) helping in the identification of subproblems and therefore in the creation of subgoals. 
D) drawing the expert's attention to the problem's microstructure.

Question 4

The tendency to be rigid in how one thinks about an object's function is called

Accepted Answer

A) mental stickiness. 
B) functional fixedness. 
C) functional narrowness. 
D) narrow focus. 
A) mental stickiness. 
B) functional fixedness. 
C) functional narrowness. 
D) narrow focus.

Question 5

Which of the following is a heuristic commonly used in problem solving?

Accepted Answer

A) functional fixedness 
B) regression analysis 
C) means-end analysis 
D) local minimization 
A) functional fixedness 
B) regression analysis 
C) means-end analysis 
D) local minimization

Question 6

________ intelligence refers to an ability to think about novel problems,while ________ intelligence refers to acquired knowledge and skills.

Accepted Answer

A) General;specific 
B) Crystallized;fluid 
C) Fluid;crystallized 
D) General;learned 
A) General;specific 
B) Crystallized;fluid 
C) Fluid;crystallized 
D) General;learned

Question 7

In some procedures,participants are helped by an interruption during their attempts at solving a problem.In explaining this effect,which of the following hypotheses seems LEAST plausible in light of the available evidence?

Accepted Answer

A) The interruption provides an opportunity for participants to gather further information about the problem. 
B) The interruption provides an opportunity for frustration or fatigue to dissipate. 
C) The interruption allows participants to forget their earlier approaches to the problem,thus enabling a fresh start. 
D) The interruption allows an opportunity for participants to use means-end analysis to solve the problem. 
A) The interruption provides an opportunity for participants to gather further information about the problem. 
B) The interruption provides an opportunity for frustration or fatigue to dissipate. 
C) The interruption allows participants to forget their earlier approaches to the problem,thus enabling a fresh start. 
D) The interruption allows an opportunity for participants to use means-end analysis to solve the problem.

Question 8

Most modern researchers believe that intelligence can be understood in terms of

Accepted Answer

A) a quadratic function. 
B) overlapping clusters of specialized forms of intelligence. 
C) a hierarchical structure. 
D) a set of distinct abilities,each independent of the others. 
A) a quadratic function. 
B) overlapping clusters of specialized forms of intelligence. 
C) a hierarchical structure. 
D) a set of distinct abilities,each independent of the others.

Question 9

Mark scored very well on one portion of the IQ test.Evidence suggests that

Accepted Answer

A) he will likely do less well on other portions of the test. 
B) he is likely to do well on the entire test. 
C) we can make no predictions about whether he'll do well on other portions of the test. 
D) he will score similarly if he takes other portions of the test today,but his score will likely be very different if he takes the test in a few months. 
A) he will likely do less well on other portions of the test. 
B) he is likely to do well on the entire test. 
C) we can make no predictions about whether he'll do well on other portions of the test. 
D) he will score similarly if he takes other portions of the test today,but his score will likely be very different if he takes the test in a few months.

Question 10

According to the textbook,which of the following is a type of intelligence that is NOT measured by conventional IQ tests?

Accepted Answer

A) general intelligence 
B) spatial intelligence 
C) logical-mathematical intelligence 
D) emotional intelligence 
A) general intelligence 
B) spatial intelligence 
C) logical-mathematical intelligence 
D) emotional intelligence

Question 11

Expert problem solvers

Accepted Answer

A) focus on the surface of a problem rather than on its deep structure. 
B) use analogies less often than do novices. 
C) tend to categorize problems in terms of their deep structure. 
D) do not need to rely on mapping in their use of analogies. 
A) focus on the surface of a problem rather than on its deep structure. 
B) use analogies less often than do novices. 
C) tend to categorize problems in terms of their deep structure. 
D) do not need to rely on mapping in their use of analogies.

Question 12

All of the states one can reach in solving a problem together are said to make up the

Accepted Answer

A) operators. 
B) pathways. 
C) problem definition. 
D) problem space. 
A) operators. 
B) pathways. 
C) problem definition. 
D) problem space.

Question 13

One way to turn an ill-defined question into a well-defined question is to

Accepted Answer

A) add extra constraints or assumptions to the problem so that it has more structure. 
B) make the question less specific. 
C) make the question rhetorical. 
D) remove any clear or concrete goal state from the problem. 
A) add extra constraints or assumptions to the problem so that it has more structure. 
B) make the question less specific. 
C) make the question rhetorical. 
D) remove any clear or concrete goal state from the problem.

Question 14

The gradual increase in IQ scores around the world over the past few decades is referred to as the

Accepted Answer

A) Columbus Consequence. 
B) Gardner Theory. 
C) Flynn effect. 
D) global IQ shift. 
A) Columbus Consequence. 
B) Gardner Theory. 
C) Flynn effect. 
D) global IQ shift.

Question 15

Which problem-solving heuristic is most likely to involve a question such as "What do I have available to get from my current state to my goal state?"

Accepted Answer

A) working backward 
B) means-end analysis 
C) hill climbing 
D) problem-solving set 
A) working backward 
B) means-end analysis 
C) hill climbing 
D) problem-solving set

Question 16

Sam has scored very high on an IQ test.Which of the following is also likely to be true of Sam?

Accepted Answer

A) Sam will also score high on a test of emotional intelligence. 
B) Sam will spend more time deciding whether a tone is low- or high-pitched than someone with a lower IQ score would. 
C) Sam will also score high on a test of working memory capacity. 
D) Sam is likely to be less creative than someone with a lower IQ score. 
A) Sam will also score high on a test of emotional intelligence. 
B) Sam will spend more time deciding whether a tone is low- or high-pitched than someone with a lower IQ score would. 
C) Sam will also score high on a test of working memory capacity. 
D) Sam is likely to be less creative than someone with a lower IQ score.

Question 17

How are experts different from novices when it comes to solving problems? How might expertise help with problem solving?

Accepted Answer

Experts differ from novices in several s

Question 18

Describe two of the strategies for problem solving that were included in the chapter.Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.

Accepted Answer

Two strategies for problem solving that

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by visualizing a problem via a mental image?

Accepted Answer

A) The image depicts the problem in a concrete way,and this often makes the problem easier to remember. 
B) The image often makes it easy to discern how the elements of the problem are spatially related to one another. 
C) One can routinely make new discoveries about the imaged form,including discoveries that involve an entirely new understanding of the form. 
D) It is usually easy to rearrange the elements of an image to explore other configurations. 
A) The image depicts the problem in a concrete way,and this often makes the problem easier to remember. 
B) The image often makes it easy to discern how the elements of the problem are spatially related to one another. 
C) One can routinely make new discoveries about the imaged form,including discoveries that involve an entirely new understanding of the form. 
D) It is usually easy to rearrange the elements of an image to explore other configurations.

Question 20

Two groups of participants are given sets of training problems to solve.One group of participants is told to try to understand the structure of each problem,while the other group is asked to try to memorize the problems.They are later given test problems.Based on previous evidence,what results would you expect to see at testing?

Accepted Answer

A) The "memorize" group will be faster when solving the problems. 
B) The "memorize" group will solve more problems. 
C) The "structure" group will use analogies more often. 
D) The groups will solve the same number of problems. 
A) The "memorize" group will be faster when solving the problems. 
B) The "memorize" group will solve more problems. 
C) The "structure" group will use analogies more often. 
D) The groups will solve the same number of problems.

People often compare experts to novices.Which of the following claims about this comparison is FALSE?

Researchers have tried to study the moment of illumination in the laboratory.The evidence indicates that

Experts seem able to break a problem into meaningful chunks.This strategy provides all of the following advantages EXCEPT for

The tendency to be rigid in how one thinks about an object's function is called

Which of the following is a heuristic commonly used in problem solving?

intelligence refers to an ability to think about novel problems,while intelligence refers to acquired knowledge and skills.

In some procedures,participants are helped by an interruption during their attempts at solving a problem.In explaining this effect,which of the following hypotheses seems LEAST plausible in light of the available evidence?

Most modern researchers believe that intelligence can be understood in terms of

Mark scored very well on one portion of the IQ test.Evidence suggests that

According to the textbook,which of the following is a type of intelligence that is NOT measured by conventional IQ tests?

Expert problem solvers

All of the states one can reach in solving a problem together are said to make up the

One way to turn an ill-defined question into a well-defined question is to

The gradual increase in IQ scores around the world over the past few decades is referred to as the

Which problem-solving heuristic is most likely to involve a question such as "What do I have available to get from my current state to my goal state?"

Sam has scored very high on an IQ test.Which of the following is also likely to be true of Sam?

How are experts different from novices when it comes to solving problems? How might expertise help with problem solving?

Describe two of the strategies for problem solving that were included in the chapter.Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by visualizing a problem via a mental image?

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

Exam 13: Problem Solving and Intelligence

People often compare experts to novices.Which of the following claims about this comparison is FALSE?

Researchers have tried to study the moment of illumination in the laboratory.The evidence indicates that

Experts seem able to break a problem into meaningful chunks.This strategy provides all of the following advantages EXCEPT for

The tendency to be rigid in how one thinks about an object's function is called

Which of the following is a heuristic commonly used in problem solving?

________ intelligence refers to an ability to think about novel problems,while ________ intelligence refers to acquired knowledge and skills.

In some procedures,participants are helped by an interruption during their attempts at solving a problem.In explaining this effect,which of the following hypotheses seems LEAST plausible in light of the available evidence?

Most modern researchers believe that intelligence can be understood in terms of

Mark scored very well on one portion of the IQ test.Evidence suggests that

According to the textbook,which of the following is a type of intelligence that is NOT measured by conventional IQ tests?

Expert problem solvers

All of the states one can reach in solving a problem together are said to make up the

One way to turn an ill-defined question into a well-defined question is to

The gradual increase in IQ scores around the world over the past few decades is referred to as the

Which problem-solving heuristic is most likely to involve a question such as "What do I have available to get from my current state to my goal state?"

Sam has scored very high on an IQ test.Which of the following is also likely to be true of Sam?

How are experts different from novices when it comes to solving problems? How might expertise help with problem solving?

Describe two of the strategies for problem solving that were included in the chapter.Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by visualizing a problem via a mental image?

The Science of the Mind

The Neural Basis for Cognition

Visual Perception

Recognizing Objects

Paying Attention

The Acquisition of Memories and the Work-Ing-Memory System

Interconnections Between Acquisi-Tion and Retrieval

Remembering Complex Events

Concepts and Generic Knowledge

Languag

Visual Knowledg

Judgment and Reasoning

Conscious Thought,Unconscious Thought

Filters

intelligence refers to an ability to think about novel problems,while intelligence refers to acquired knowledge and skills.