Exam 18: Interorgan and Intracellular Coordination of Energy Metabolism in Vertebrates

Which of the following types of tissue can use glucose, but not fatty acids, as a source of fuel?

The transcription factor PGC-1 $\alpha$ is controlled by two forms of covalent modification. Which of the following correctly identifies a mechanism of control?

Which of the following hormones is correctly described?

Which of the following pathways would be active between meal when blood glucose is low but inactive after several days of starvation?

Which of the following pathways is activated in response to phosphorylation of key enzymes by AMPK?

The two hypotheses for insulin resistance are the lipid overload and the inflammation hypotheses. The lipid overload hypothesis primarily involves fat accumulation in __________ tissue while the inflammation hypothesis primarily involves secretion of inflammatory molecules from ___________ tissue.

For skeletal muscle, which of the following correctly pairs the activity state with the source of energy?

Insulin resistance causes an increase in gluconeogenic activity in the liver due to the lack of glucose. What serves as the primary carbon source for gluconeogenesis under these conditions?

Although AMPK and mTOR generally play opposing roles in metabolic control, which of the following pathways is activated by both of these molecules?

Which of the following hormones affects the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and ultimately results in an inhibition of nutrient intake?

Which of the following is the ultimate action that causes release of insulin from pancreatic $\beta$ -cells?

If a group of transgenic mice that overexpress SIRT1 was fed as much food as the mice desired to eat, what would be the consequences?

Which of the following molecules is made in the liver solely for export?

What process in the brain consumes most of the ATP that is produced?

What is the general reaction type catalyzed by most of the sirtuins?

For each of the following liver enzymes, indicate what happens to the enzyme (i.e., phosphorylated/dephosphorylated…)when the cell is under the influence of glucagon. Indicate whether the enzyme is activated or inhibited and how that contributes to the overall role of glucagon. PFK-2: Pyruvate kinase: Fruc-1,6-BPase: Glycogen phosphorylase:

For each of the following biochemical pathways, give the effect of each hormone as either activated ( $\uarr$ ), inhibited ( $\downarrow$ )or no effect (NE). insulin glucagon epinephrine glycolysis (liver)gluconeogenesis glycogen synthesis (muscle)lipolysis glycogenolysis

Which of the following is commonly stored as an energy reserve by the heart?

For each of the following tissue types, list the fuel(s)stored, preferred fuel(s)and exported fuel(s)under normal conditions. Tissue fuel(s)stored preferred fuel(s)exported fuel(s)Brain Highly active skeletal muscle Heart Adipose

Under starvation conditions, which of the following shows an increase in activity in the first few days, followed by a large decrease in activity after a week?