Exam 20: Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds I: Principles of Biosynthesis, Utilization, and Turnover

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The reaction of ammonia with $\alpha$ -ketoglutarate is catalyzed by _ and requires _ as a reactant.

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Question 1

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Ubiquitin is added to _ residues of the target protein by reaction with the terminal __ group of ubiquitin.

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Question 2

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What would be the energy requirements of the urea cycle if both nitrogens of urea came from glutamine (assuming that any NADH made was re-oxidized via electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation)? Explain how this is possible.

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Question 3

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Glutamine can be converted to glutamate and ammonia via glutaminase with the ammonia being converted to carbamoyl phosphate as 1 nitrogen atom for urea. The glutamate undergoes transamination with oxaloacetate to form aspartate, the other nitrogen atom for urea. Once fumarate is formed by argininosuccinase, it must be converted back to oxaloacetate with the production of 1 NADH (converted to 2.5 ATP via ET/OxPhos). With the 4 ATP required by the urea cycle, the net utilization of ATP in this overall process is 1.5 ATP.

Assuming that ammonia serves as the source of both nitrogen atoms of urea and that all cycles involved in the production of urea make one full turn, how many ATP equivalents and how many NADH are required to produce one molecule of urea?

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Question 4

Which of the following metabolites is elevated as a result of low folate levels and poses a risk for cardiovascular disease?

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Question 5

In the nitrogen fixation process, which step of the electron transfer process requires ATP hydrolysis?

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Question 6

What are the products of the following transamination?

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Question 7

In the regulation of glutamine synthetase activity, an important regulatory protein, P_II exists in two states, one with UMP covalently bound (P_II-UMP), the other without (P_II). Which of the following statements regarding $\alpha$ -ketoglutarate and P_II is correct?

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Question 8

What is a PEST sequence in a protein?

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Question 9

What are the commonly observed oxidation states of cobalt found in the various forms of vitamin B₁₂?

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Question 10

For the following transamination reaction, show the products of the first half of the reaction.

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Question 11

Which of the following forms of tetrahydrofolate is correctly paired with the reaction for which it serves as a coenzyme?

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Question 12

Which of the following is an essential amino acid for humans?

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Question 13

Which of the following amino acids is exclusively ketogenic?

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Question 14

Which of the following reactions is highly active in the liver when large amounts of amino acids are moving from extrahepatic tissue to the liver?

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Question 15

Which of the following represents a correct flow of electrons for nitrogen fixation?

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Question 16

Show the products of the following reaction.

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Question 17

The conversion of nitrogen to ammonia can be accomplished by _ while the conversion of nitrate to ammonia can be accomplished by _.

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Question 18

Which of the following enzymes of ammonia incorporation is the most highly regulated?

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Question 19

Which of the following is seen in the transaminase mechanism?

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Question 20

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Exam 20: Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds I: Principles of Biosynthesis, Utilization, and Turnover

The reaction of ammonia with α\alphaα -ketoglutarate is catalyzed by _________ and requires _________ as a reactant.

Ubiquitin is added to _________ residues of the target protein by reaction with the terminal __________ group of ubiquitin.

What would be the energy requirements of the urea cycle if both nitrogens of urea came from glutamine (assuming that any NADH made was re-oxidized via electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation)? Explain how this is possible.

Assuming that ammonia serves as the source of both nitrogen atoms of urea and that all cycles involved in the production of urea make one full turn, how many ATP equivalents and how many NADH are required to produce one molecule of urea?

Which of the following metabolites is elevated as a result of low folate levels and poses a risk for cardiovascular disease?

In the nitrogen fixation process, which step of the electron transfer process requires ATP hydrolysis?

What are the products of the following transamination?

In the regulation of glutamine synthetase activity, an important regulatory protein, PII exists in two states, one with UMP covalently bound (PII-UMP), the other without (PII). Which of the following statements regarding α\alphaα -ketoglutarate and PII is correct?

What is a PEST sequence in a protein?

What are the commonly observed oxidation states of cobalt found in the various forms of vitamin B12?

For the following transamination reaction, show the products of the first half of the reaction.

Which of the following forms of tetrahydrofolate is correctly paired with the reaction for which it serves as a coenzyme?

Which of the following is an essential amino acid for humans?

Which of the following amino acids is exclusively ketogenic?

Which of the following reactions is highly active in the liver when large amounts of amino acids are moving from extrahepatic tissue to the liver?

Which of the following represents a correct flow of electrons for nitrogen fixation?

Show the products of the following reaction.

The conversion of nitrogen to ammonia can be accomplished by _________ while the conversion of nitrate to ammonia can be accomplished by _________.

Which of the following enzymes of ammonia incorporation is the most highly regulated?

Which of the following is seen in the transaminase mechanism?

The Scope of Biochemistry

The Matrix of Life: Weak Interactions in an Aqueous Environment

The Energetics of Life

Nucleic Acids

Introduction to Proteins: the Primary Level of Protein Structure

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function and Evolution

Contractile Proteins and Molecular Motors

Carbohydrates: Sugars, Saccharides, Glycans

Lipids, Membranes and Cellular Transport

Enzymes: Biological Catalysts

Chemical Logic of Metabolism

Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Citric Acid Cycle and Glyoxylate Cycle

Electron Transport, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Oxygen Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Lipid Metabolism I: Fatty Acids, Triacylglycerols, and Lipoproteins

Interorgan and Intracellular Coordination of Energy Metabolism in Vertebrates

Lipid Metabolism Ii: Membrane Lipids, Steroids, Isoprenoids, and Eicosanoids

Metabolism of Nitogenous Compounds II: Amino Acids, Porphyrins, and Neurotransmitters

Nucleotide Metabolism

Mechanisms of Signal Transduction

Genes, Genomes and Chromosomes

DNA Replication

DNA Restructuring: Repair, Recombination, Rearrangement, Amplification

Information Readout: Transcription and Post-Transcriptional Processing

Information Decoding: Translation and Post-Translational Protein Processing

Regulation of Gene Expression

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The reaction of ammonia with $\alpha$ -ketoglutarate is catalyzed by _ and requires _ as a reactant.

Ubiquitin is added to _ residues of the target protein by reaction with the terminal __ group of ubiquitin.

In the regulation of glutamine synthetase activity, an important regulatory protein, P_II exists in two states, one with UMP covalently bound (P_II-UMP), the other without (P_II). Which of the following statements regarding $\alpha$ -ketoglutarate and P_II is correct?

What are the commonly observed oxidation states of cobalt found in the various forms of vitamin B₁₂?

The conversion of nitrogen to ammonia can be accomplished by _ while the conversion of nitrate to ammonia can be accomplished by _.