Exam 20: Drugs and Consciousness

After a scary biking accident,Alex extinguished his conditioned fear of bikes by cycling on a safe biking trail every day for a week.The reappearance of his previously extinguished fear when he rode a bike on the same trail two weeks later best illustrates

(a)How would you classically condition a 4-year-old to wake in the middle of the night to use the bathroom to avoid night bed-wetting accidents? (b)How would you classically condition a preschool child who is afraid of dogs to enjoy playing with a neighbor's friendly dog? Be sure to identify the US,NS,CS,UR,and CR in both answers.

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog,Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs.This best illustrates the process of

When Henry's little brother accidentally locked himself inside his mother's car,Henry used his mother's car key to unlock the door.Henry's action could best be described as a(n)

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward,the first animal opens a similar box with great speed.This best illustrates

After learning to fear a white rat,Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit.This best illustrates the process of

Two-year-old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat.Philip now fears all small animals.His fear demonstrates the process of

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,the US was

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate

Comedian-writer Mark Malkoff reported that his fear of flying faded after he faced his fear and lived on an airplane for 30 days.His reduction of fear best illustrated the process of

An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise.In this case,the loud noise was the

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them.For the dogs,the sight of this person was a(n)

In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

The sea slug,Aplysia,withdraws its gills if it is squirted with water.If the squirts continue,as they do in nature,the withdrawal response will diminish.But if the sea slug receives an electric shock after being squirted,the withdrawal of the gills grows stronger.In applying classical conditioning to the example of the sea slug,the withdrawal of the gills to the water is the

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

Compared with nonabused children,those children who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face.This best illustrates

Pavlov demonstrated that all organisms can learn by means of

One form of cognitive learning is called

In classical conditioning,the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.