Question 1

Which personality theories emphasize reciprocal determinism?

Accepted Answer

A)  psychodynamic 
B)  social-cognitive 
C)  trait 
D)  humanistic 
A)  psychodynamic 
B)  social-cognitive 
C)  trait 
D)  humanistic B

Question 2

Sheldon has a great deal of confidence in his ability to succeed at most new athletic endeavors.Sheldon is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A)  self-esteem. 
B)  reciprocal determinism. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  self-efficacy. 
A)  self-esteem. 
B)  reciprocal determinism. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  self-efficacy. D

Question 3

After failing his chemistry exam,Charles believes he does not have the intelligence to succeed in school and ultimately in life.Charles' low opinion of himself is representative of his low

Accepted Answer

A)  self-esteem. 
B)  self-efficacy. 
C)  defensive self-esteem. 
D)  self-disclosure. 
A)  self-esteem. 
B)  self-efficacy. 
C)  defensive self-esteem. 
D)  self-disclosure. A

Question 4

Self-efficacy refers to our experience of our own

Accepted Answer

A)  fixations. 
B)  superego. 
C)  competence. 
D)  self-serving bias. 
A)  fixations. 
B)  superego. 
C)  competence. 
D)  self-serving bias.

Question 5

Unrealistic optimism about future events in one's life best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  unconditional positive regard 
C)  a fixation. 
D)  the spotlight effect. 
A)  self-serving bias. 
B)  unconditional positive regard 
C)  a fixation. 
D)  the spotlight effect.

Question 6

Which of the following is said to function as an organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  the self 
B)  self-efficacy 
C)  the Big Five 
D)  defense mechanisms 
A)  the self 
B)  self-efficacy 
C)  the Big Five 
D)  defense mechanisms

Question 7

The ________ on personality focuses on the many ways our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another.

Accepted Answer

A)  psychoanalytic perspective 
B)  trait perspective 
C)  humanistic perspective 
D)  social-cognitive perspective 
A)  psychoanalytic perspective 
B)  trait perspective 
C)  humanistic perspective 
D)  social-cognitive perspective

Question 8

The better-than-average effect best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  unconditional positive regard. 
C)  free association. 
D)  self-serving bias. 
A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  unconditional positive regard. 
C)  free association. 
D)  self-serving bias.

Question 9

Our personalities influence the extent to which we expose ourselves to specific environmental influences.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  the spotlight effect. 
B)  narcissism. 
C)  self-serving bias. 
D)  reciprocal determinism. 
A)  the spotlight effect. 
B)  narcissism. 
C)  self-serving bias. 
D)  reciprocal determinism.

Question 10

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality.

Accepted Answer

A)  the superego 
B)  unconditional positive regard 
C)  the sense of self 
D)  free association 
A)  the superego 
B)  unconditional positive regard 
C)  the sense of self 
D)  free association

Question 11

Which personality theories have most clearly been developed through psychological research on learning and cognition?

Accepted Answer

A)  trait theories 
B)  humanistic theories 
C)  psychodynamic theories 
D)  social-cognitive theories 
A)  trait theories 
B)  humanistic theories 
C)  psychodynamic theories 
D)  social-cognitive theories

Question 12

People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to

Accepted Answer

A)  be persistent at difficult tasks. 
B)  overestimate the accuracy of their beliefs. 
C)  manifest self-serving bias. 
D)  give in to conformity pressures. 
A)  be persistent at difficult tasks. 
B)  overestimate the accuracy of their beliefs. 
C)  manifest self-serving bias. 
D)  give in to conformity pressures.

Question 13

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  self-serving bias. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  a fixation. 
A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  self-serving bias. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  a fixation.

Question 14

People are likely to be less forgiving of others' misdeeds if they

Accepted Answer

A)  have a sense of self-efficacy. 
B)  are narcissistic. 
C)  engage in free association. 
D)  experience the spotlight effect. 
A)  have a sense of self-efficacy. 
B)  are narcissistic. 
C)  engage in free association. 
D)  experience the spotlight effect.

Question 15

Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her.Kelly most clearly demonstrates

Accepted Answer

A)  the spotlight effect. 
B)  unconditional positive regard. 
C)  defensive self-esteem. 
D)  free association. 
A)  the spotlight effect. 
B)  unconditional positive regard. 
C)  defensive self-esteem. 
D)  free association.

Question 16

Professor Sanders explains to his class that our personality and behavior are influenced by our biology,our social and cultural experiences,and our cognition and dispositions.Professor Sanders' views coincide with

Accepted Answer

A)  humanistic psychology. 
B)  the psychodynamic perspective. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  the biopsychosocial approach. 
A)  humanistic psychology. 
B)  the psychodynamic perspective. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 17

Because people are biopsychosocial organisms,the study of personality most clearly benefits from the use of

Accepted Answer

A)  free association. 
B)  projective tests. 
C)  multiple levels of analysis. 
D)  unconditional positive regard. 
A)  free association. 
B)  projective tests. 
C)  multiple levels of analysis. 
D)  unconditional positive regard.

Question 18

An inflated sense of self-esteem and self-love is characteristic of people who exhibit

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  narcissism. 
C)  secure self-esteem. 
D)  self-efficacy. 
A)  reciprocal determinism. 
B)  narcissism. 
C)  secure self-esteem. 
D)  self-efficacy.

Question 19

According to Bandura,reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among

Accepted Answer

A)  thoughts,emotions,and actions. 
B)  behaviors,internal personal factors,and environmental events. 
C)  id,ego,and superego. 
D)  self-concept,self-actualization,and self-transcendence. 
A)  thoughts,emotions,and actions. 
B)  behaviors,internal personal factors,and environmental events. 
C)  id,ego,and superego. 
D)  self-concept,self-actualization,and self-transcendence.

Question 20

People are more critical of their ________ selves than of their ________ selves.

Accepted Answer

A)  distant;current 
B)  current;distant 
C)  possible;impossible 
D)  impossible;possible 
A)  distant;current 
B)  current;distant 
C)  possible;impossible 
D)  impossible;possible

Exam 47: Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Which personality theories emphasize reciprocal determinism?

Sheldon has a great deal of confidence in his ability to succeed at most new athletic endeavors.Sheldon is demonstrating

After failing his chemistry exam,Charles believes he does not have the intelligence to succeed in school and ultimately in life.Charles' low opinion of himself is representative of his low

Self-efficacy refers to our experience of our own

Unrealistic optimism about future events in one's life best illustrates

Which of the following is said to function as an organizer of our thoughts,feelings,and behaviors?

The ________ on personality focuses on the many ways our individual traits and thoughts interact with our social world as we move from one situation to another.

The better-than-average effect best illustrates

Our personalities influence the extent to which we expose ourselves to specific environmental influences.This best illustrates

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality.

Which personality theories have most clearly been developed through psychological research on learning and cognition?

People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called

People are likely to be less forgiving of others' misdeeds if they

Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her.Kelly most clearly demonstrates

Professor Sanders explains to his class that our personality and behavior are influenced by our biology,our social and cultural experiences,and our cognition and dispositions.Professor Sanders' views coincide with

Because people are biopsychosocial organisms,the study of personality most clearly benefits from the use of

An inflated sense of self-esteem and self-love is characteristic of people who exhibit

According to Bandura,reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among

People are more critical of their ________ selves than of their ________ selves.

The History and Scope of Psychology

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Neural and Hormonal Systems

The Brain

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Environmental Influences on Behavior, and Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood, and Reflections on Developmental Issues

Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Vision

Hearing

Other Senses

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Introduction to Memory

Encoding: Getting Information In

Storage: Retaining Information

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education

Thinking

Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Introduction to Motivation

Hunger

Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Motivation at Work

Introduction to Emotion

Experienced Emotion

Expressed Emotion

Stress and Illness

Coping With Stress

Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Contemporary Research on Personality

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

The Psychological Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

The Biomedical Therapies

Social Thinking

Appendix

Filters

People are more critical of their selves than of their selves.