Question 1

Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  cognitive maps. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  extrinsic motivation. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  cognitive maps. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  extrinsic motivation. C

Question 2

Prolonged exposure to media violence causes people to become indifferent to violent brutality in real life.This best illustrates that one effect of viewing media violence is

Accepted Answer

A)  vicarious reinforcement. 
B)  desensitization. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  conditioned taste aversion. 
A)  vicarious reinforcement. 
B)  desensitization. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  conditioned taste aversion. B

Question 3

Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to perform an activity

Accepted Answer

A)  with the least amount of effort necessary. 
B)  because it will improve one's reputation. 
C)  in order to avoid anxiety. 
D)  for the sake of its own enjoyment. 
A)  with the least amount of effort necessary. 
B)  because it will improve one's reputation. 
C)  in order to avoid anxiety. 
D)  for the sake of its own enjoyment. D

Question 4

(a)Several days after drinking an excessive amount of alcohol,Kendra becomes nauseated simply by the smell of liquor.The sight of the half-empty liquor bottle from which she drank does not,however,upset her.What does Kendra's pattern of response indicate about the limits of associative learning?
(b)If George is spanked immediately after his baby sister cries,he is likely to become fearful every time she cries.If Ken is spanked immediately before his baby sister cries,he is not likely to become fearful when she cries.What do the different reactions of George and Ken suggest about the role of cognitive processes in associative learning?

Accepted Answer

The answer of (a)Several days after drinking an excessive amount...

Question 5

After a week at college,Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost.Su-Chuan has developed a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive map. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  theory of mind. 
D)  fixed-interval schedule. 
A)  cognitive map. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  theory of mind. 
D)  fixed-interval schedule.

Question 6

Vicki once loved the taste of carrots.But after eating some carrots that had been contaminated by nausea-producing toxins,she developed a taste aversion to carrots.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  observational learning. 
A)  latent learning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  observational learning.

Question 7

Professor Jones has found that when one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana,the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence.Professor Jones has found an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  shaping. 
A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  shaping.

Question 8

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning.This suggests that associative learning involves

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic motivation. 
B)  cognitive processes. 
C)  mirror neurons. 
D)  genetic predispositions. 
A)  intrinsic motivation. 
B)  cognitive processes. 
C)  mirror neurons. 
D)  genetic predispositions.

Question 9

Without conscious reflection,people often yawn when they observe others yawning.Researchers are now considering whether this can be attributed to

Accepted Answer

A)  mirror neuron activity. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  extrinsic motivation. 
A)  mirror neuron activity. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  extrinsic motivation.

Question 10

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

Accepted Answer

A)  taste aversion. 
B)  survival. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  prosocial behavior. 
A)  taste aversion. 
B)  survival. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  prosocial behavior.

Question 11

We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned responses. 
B)  extrinsically motivated. 
C)  followed by reinforcement. 
D)  violent or antisocial. 
A)  conditioned responses. 
B)  extrinsically motivated. 
C)  followed by reinforcement. 
D)  violent or antisocial.

Question 12

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it;Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit.Marcy's behavior reflects ________,whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning;modeling 
B)  an unconditioned response;a conditioned response 
C)  intrinsic motivation;extrinsic motivation 
D)  operant conditioning;classical conditioning 
A)  latent learning;modeling 
B)  an unconditioned response;a conditioned response 
C)  intrinsic motivation;extrinsic motivation 
D)  operant conditioning;classical conditioning

Question 13

Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  intrinsic motivation. 
C)  fixed-interval reinforcement. 
D)  imitation. 
A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  intrinsic motivation. 
C)  fixed-interval reinforcement. 
D)  imitation.

Question 14

Adult males who spent three evenings watching sexually violent films became

Accepted Answer

A)  progressively more bothered by the filmed violence and later expressed more sympathy for domestic violence victims. 
B)  progressively less bothered by the filmed violence and later expressed less sympathy for domestic violence victims. 
C)  progressively less bothered by the filmed violence and later expressed more sympathy for domestic violence victims. 
D)  progressively more bothered by the filmed violence and later expressed less sympathy for domestic violence victims. 
A)  progressively more bothered by the filmed violence and later expressed more sympathy for domestic violence victims. 
B)  progressively less bothered by the filmed violence and later expressed less sympathy for domestic violence victims. 
C)  progressively less bothered by the filmed violence and later expressed more sympathy for domestic violence victims. 
D)  progressively more bothered by the filmed violence and later expressed less sympathy for domestic violence victims.

Question 15

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n)________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

A)  evolutionary 
B)  behaviorist 
C)  cognitive 
D)  neuroscience 
A)  evolutionary 
B)  behaviorist 
C)  cognitive 
D)  neuroscience

Question 16

Psychologists once believed that any stimulus (whether a taste,sight,or sound)could serve equally well as a conditioned stimulus.This belief was challenged by research demonstrating the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  extrinsic motivation. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  biological constraints. 
A)  extrinsic motivation. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  modeling. 
D)  biological constraints.

Question 17

Dan and Joel,both 4-year-olds,have seen all the Spiderman movies.Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof,ready to try jumping across to the next roof.What best accounts for the boys' behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift 
B)  observational learning 
C)  immediate reinforcement 
D)  classical conditioning 
A)  instinctive drift 
B)  observational learning 
C)  immediate reinforcement 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 18

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. 
A)  latent learning. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule.

Question 19

Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience.This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  extrinsic motivation. 
A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  extrinsic motivation.

Question 20

Helpful and constructive actions best illustrate

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  overimitation. 
D)  prosocial behavior. 
A)  latent learning. 
B)  extrinsic motivation. 
C)  overimitation. 
D)  prosocial behavior.

Exam 22: Operant Conditioning

Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for

Prolonged exposure to media violence causes people to become indifferent to violent brutality in real life.This best illustrates that one effect of viewing media violence is

Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to perform an activity

After a week at college,Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost.Su-Chuan has developed a(n)

Vicki once loved the taste of carrots.But after eating some carrots that had been contaminated by nausea-producing toxins,she developed a taste aversion to carrots.This best illustrates the impact of

Professor Jones has found that when one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana,the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence.Professor Jones has found an example of

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning.This suggests that associative learning involves

Without conscious reflection,people often yawn when they observe others yawning.Researchers are now considering whether this can be attributed to

Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it;Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit.Marcy's behavior reflects ________,whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.

Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for

Adult males who spent three evenings watching sexually violent films became

An organism's ability to mentally anticipate that a US will follow a CS is most likely to be highlighted by a(n)________ perspective.

Psychologists once believed that any stimulus (whether a taste,sight,or sound)could serve equally well as a conditioned stimulus.This belief was challenged by research demonstrating the importance of

Dan and Joel,both 4-year-olds,have seen all the Spiderman movies.Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof,ready to try jumping across to the next roof.What best accounts for the boys' behavior?

The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves

Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience.This best illustrates the impact of

Helpful and constructive actions best illustrate

The History and Scope of Psychology

Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions

Neural and Hormonal Systems

The Brain

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Environmental Influences on Behavior, and Reflections on Nature and Nurture

Prenatal Development and the Newborn

Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood, and Reflections on Developmental Issues

Introduction to Sensation and Perception

Vision

Hearing

Other Senses

Perceptual Organization

Perceptual Interpretation

Waking and Sleeping Rhythms

Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

Classical Conditioning

Learning by Observation

Introduction to Memory

Encoding: Getting Information In

Storage: Retaining Information

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Applying Memory Principles to Your Own Education

Thinking

Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence

Introduction to Motivation

Hunger

Sexual Motivation and the Need to Belong

Motivation at Work

Introduction to Emotion

Experienced Emotion

Expressed Emotion

Stress and Illness

Coping With Stress

Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Humanistic Perspective

Contemporary Research on Personality

Introduction to Psychological Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Dissociative and Personality Disorders

Mood Disorders

Schizophrenia

The Psychological Therapies

Evaluating Psychotherapies

The Biomedical Therapies

Social Thinking

Appendix

Filters

Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it;Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit.Marcy's behavior reflects ,whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects .