Exam 5: Learning

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________.

On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________.

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ________.

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

Which letters correspond to the four elements of modeling from Bandura's theory?

After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called ________.

A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?

Your professor has informed you at the beginning of the term that you will have eight tests--but they will all be unannounced. This is most similar to a ________ reinforcement schedule.

On a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________.

Which of the following is a conditioned positive reinforcer?

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) ________.

Which schedule of reinforcement reinforces the first correct response after a constant interval of time has elapsed?

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that:

Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is:

A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as ________.

Why does fear caused by punishment make the punishment ineffective in changing behavior?

Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in:

Seligman's concept of learned helplessness has been extended into the field of psychopathology to explain the emergence of schizophrenia in late adolescence.