Question 1

Describe the three criteria that humans use to select operators.

Accepted Answer

Three criteria are:
•Backup avoidance-bi

Question 2

Discovery is the ONLY method that most creatures have to learn new operators.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The Tower of Hanoi problem is solved by adopting a _____ strategy.

Accepted Answer

A)  backup-avoidance 
B)  difference-reduction 
C)  hill-climbing 
D)  means-ends 
A)  backup-avoidance 
B)  difference-reduction 
C)  hill-climbing 
D)  means-ends

Question 4

_____ trees visually represent the various problem states.

Accepted Answer

A)  Goal 
B)  Problem 
C)  Search 
D)  State 
A)  Goal 
B)  Problem 
C)  Search 
D)  State

Question 5

The capacity of nonhuman primates for learning by imitation has often been:

Accepted Answer

A)  overestimated. 
B)  underestimated. 
C)  accurately estimated. 
D)  It depends on the nonhuman primate. 
A)  overestimated. 
B)  underestimated. 
C)  accurately estimated. 
D)  It depends on the nonhuman primate.

Question 6

Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)found that,15 seconds before solving a non-insight problem,participants:

Accepted Answer

A)  were very confident that they were close to a solution. 
B)  were fairly confident that they were close to a solution. 
C)  had little idea that they were close to a solution. 
D)  reported absolutely no knowledge of the solution. 
A)  were very confident that they were close to a solution. 
B)  were fairly confident that they were close to a solution. 
C)  had little idea that they were close to a solution. 
D)  reported absolutely no knowledge of the solution.

Question 7

A(n)_____ is a representation of the problem in some degree of solution.

Accepted Answer

A)  intermediate goal space 
B)  intermediate problem space 
C)  intermediate search 
D)  state 
A)  intermediate goal space 
B)  intermediate problem space 
C)  intermediate search 
D)  state

Question 8

Which method do humans NOT use to guide their selection of operators?

Accepted Answer

A)  backup avoidance 
B)  hill climbing 
C)  means-ends analysis 
D)  search 
A)  backup avoidance 
B)  hill climbing 
C)  means-ends analysis 
D)  search

Question 9

What are set effects? What is the Einstellung effect?

Accepted Answer

Set effects occur when people are biased

Question 10

How did Sarah,Premack's chimpanzee,perform on analogy-solving tasks?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sarah solved these problems more often than chance,but she was more prone to error than human participants. 
B)  Sarah solved these problems more often than they would have been by chance,and she was less prone to error than human participants. 
C)  Sarah solved these problems less often than they would have been by chance,and she was more prone to error than human participants. 
D)  Sarah solved these problems less often than they would have been by chance,but she was less prone to error than human participants. 
A)  Sarah solved these problems more often than chance,but she was more prone to error than human participants. 
B)  Sarah solved these problems more often than they would have been by chance,and she was less prone to error than human participants. 
C)  Sarah solved these problems less often than they would have been by chance,and she was more prone to error than human participants. 
D)  Sarah solved these problems less often than they would have been by chance,but she was less prone to error than human participants.

Question 11

Failure to see a hammer as a paperweight is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Einstellung effects. 
B)  functional fixedness. 
C)  incubation effects. 
D)  set effects. 
A)  Einstellung effects. 
B)  functional fixedness. 
C)  incubation effects. 
D)  set effects.

Question 12

List the three features of problem solving.

Accepted Answer

Goal directedness,su

Question 13

Humans CANNOT acquire new operators just by being told about them.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

_____ prefrontal structures tend to be more involved in the organization of behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  Left-hemisphere 
B)  Right-hemisphere 
C)  Posterior 
D)  Ventral 
A)  Left-hemisphere 
B)  Right-hemisphere 
C)  Posterior 
D)  Ventral

Question 15

Which is NOT a way to acquire a new problem-solving operator?

Accepted Answer

A)  intuition 
B)  heuristics 
C)  vicarious experience 
D)  insight 
A)  intuition 
B)  heuristics 
C)  vicarious experience 
D)  insight

Question 16

Young children have difficulty with analogy problems.Why?

Accepted Answer

Children under the age of five struggle

Question 17

Analogical problem solving depends on the:

Accepted Answer

A)  basal ganglia. 
B)  parietal cortex. 
C)  prefrontal cortex. 
D)  temporal cortex. 
A)  basal ganglia. 
B)  parietal cortex. 
C)  prefrontal cortex. 
D)  temporal cortex.

Question 18

Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)found that,15 seconds before solving an insight problem,participants:

Accepted Answer

A)  were very confident that they were close to a solution. 
B)  were fairly confident that they were close to a solution. 
C)  had little idea that they were close to a solution. 
D)  reported absolutely no knowledge of the solution. 
A)  were very confident that they were close to a solution. 
B)  were fairly confident that they were close to a solution. 
C)  had little idea that they were close to a solution. 
D)  reported absolutely no knowledge of the solution.

Question 19

Only humans engage in difference reduction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

When Gick and Holyoak (1980)read participants the story about the general and the dictator,and then gave them Dunker's (1945)ray problem,what did they find?

Accepted Answer

A)  Many participants immediately noticed the relevance of the first story to the second. 
B)  Participants had to be explicitly told to use the first story as an analogy for the second. 
C)  Even with direction,many participants did not connect the first story to the second. 
D)  Many participants immediately realized that the two stories were unrelated. 
A)  Many participants immediately noticed the relevance of the first story to the second. 
B)  Participants had to be explicitly told to use the first story as an analogy for the second. 
C)  Even with direction,many participants did not connect the first story to the second. 
D)  Many participants immediately realized that the two stories were unrelated.

Describe the three criteria that humans use to select operators.

Discovery is the ONLY method that most creatures have to learn new operators.

The Tower of Hanoi problem is solved by adopting a _____ strategy.

_____ trees visually represent the various problem states.

The capacity of nonhuman primates for learning by imitation has often been:

Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)found that,15 seconds before solving a non-insight problem,participants:

A(n)_____ is a representation of the problem in some degree of solution.

Which method do humans NOT use to guide their selection of operators?

What are set effects? What is the Einstellung effect?

How did Sarah,Premack's chimpanzee,perform on analogy-solving tasks?

Failure to see a hammer as a paperweight is an example of:

List the three features of problem solving.

Humans CANNOT acquire new operators just by being told about them.

_____ prefrontal structures tend to be more involved in the organization of behavior.

Which is NOT a way to acquire a new problem-solving operator?

Young children have difficulty with analogy problems.Why?

Analogical problem solving depends on the:

Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)found that,15 seconds before solving an insight problem,participants:

Only humans engage in difference reduction.

When Gick and Holyoak (1980)read participants the story about the general and the dictator,and then gave them Dunker's (1945)ray problem,what did they find?

The Science of Cognition

Perception

Attention and Performance

Mental Imagery

Representation of Knowledge

Human Memory: Encoding and Storage

Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval

Expertise

Reasoning

Decision Making

Language Structure

Language Comprehension

Individual Differences in Cognition

Filters

Exam 8: Problem Solving

Describe the three criteria that humans use to select operators.

Discovery is the ONLY method that most creatures have to learn new operators.

The Tower of Hanoi problem is solved by adopting a _____ strategy.

_____ trees visually represent the various problem states.

The capacity of nonhuman primates for learning by imitation has often been:

Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)found that,15 seconds before solving a non-insight problem,participants:

A(n)_____ is a representation of the problem in some degree of solution.

Which method do humans NOT use to guide their selection of operators?

What are set effects? What is the Einstellung effect?

How did Sarah,Premack's chimpanzee,perform on analogy-solving tasks?

Failure to see a hammer as a paperweight is an example of:

List the three features of problem solving.

Humans CANNOT acquire new operators just by being told about them.

_____ prefrontal structures tend to be more involved in the organization of behavior.

Which is NOT a way to acquire a new problem-solving operator?

Young children have difficulty with analogy problems.Why?

Analogical problem solving depends on the:

Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)found that,15 seconds before solving an insight problem,participants:

Only humans engage in difference reduction.

When Gick and Holyoak (1980)read participants the story about the general and the dictator,and then gave them Dunker's (1945)ray problem,what did they find?

The Science of Cognition

Perception

Attention and Performance

Mental Imagery

Representation of Knowledge

Human Memory: Encoding and Storage

Human Memory: Retention and Retrieval

Expertise

Reasoning

Decision Making

Language Structure

Language Comprehension

Individual Differences in Cognition

Filters