Question 1

A reinforcement is any event that

Accepted Answer

A)  satisfies a biological need. 
B)  triggers feelings of pleasure. 
C)  elicits a conditioned response. 
D)  increases the frequency of a preceding response. 
A)  satisfies a biological need. 
B)  triggers feelings of pleasure. 
C)  elicits a conditioned response. 
D)  increases the frequency of a preceding response.

Question 2

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive processes. 
B)  biological predispositions. 
C)  continuous reinforcement. 
D)  latent learning. 
A)  cognitive processes. 
B)  biological predispositions. 
C)  continuous reinforcement. 
D)  latent learning.

Question 3

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary reinforcement. 
B)  delayed reinforcement. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  shaping. 
A)  secondary reinforcement. 
B)  delayed reinforcement. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  shaping.

Question 4

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  shaping. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 5

Through language we often learn things that we ourselves have neither personally experienced nor directly observed. This best illustrates the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  intrinsic motivation. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  cognitive learning. 
D)  operant conditioning. 
A)  intrinsic motivation. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  cognitive learning. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 6

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  conditioned reinforcement. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  generalization. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  conditioned reinforcement. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  generalization.

Question 7

Learning that certain events occur together is called

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  associative learning. 
A)  shaping. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  associative learning.

Question 8

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  cognitive processes. 
C)  primary reinforcers. 
D)  intermittent reinforcement. 
A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  cognitive processes. 
C)  primary reinforcers. 
D)  intermittent reinforcement.

Question 9

A trainer wants a pigeon to quickly learn to peck a button to obtain food. She also wants to be sure the behavior is resistant to extinction. So, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered followed by ________ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive; negative 
B)  negative; positive 
C)  continuous; partial 
D)  partial; continuous 
A)  positive; negative 
B)  negative; positive 
C)  continuous; partial 
D)  partial; continuous

Question 10

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned reinforcement 
B)  latent learning 
C)  generalization 
D)  biological predispositions 
A)  conditioned reinforcement 
B)  latent learning 
C)  generalization 
D)  biological predispositions

Question 11

You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  conditioned reinforcement. 
D)  partial reinforcement. 
A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  conditioned reinforcement. 
D)  partial reinforcement.

Question 12

Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of ________, whereas George's behavior was a reflection of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
B)  intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation 
C)  an unconditioned response; a conditioned response 
D)  a fixed-interval schedule; a variable-interval schedule 
A)  operant conditioning; classical conditioning 
B)  intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation 
C)  an unconditioned response; a conditioned response 
D)  a fixed-interval schedule; a variable-interval schedule

Question 13

An automatic response to some stimulus is called

Accepted Answer

A)  associative learning. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  operant behavior. 
A)  associative learning. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  operant behavior.

Question 14

Although 5-year-old Katelyn is not really thirsty, she frequently begins whining for a glass of water about 10 minutes after being put to bed. Her parents would be best advised to

Accepted Answer

A)  simply ignore her complaining. 
B)  provide her with a very small drink of water. 
C)  close her bedroom door to indicate that they disapprove of her whining. 
D)  read her a short story so she forgets about wanting a drink. 
A)  simply ignore her complaining. 
B)  provide her with a very small drink of water. 
C)  close her bedroom door to indicate that they disapprove of her whining. 
D)  read her a short story so she forgets about wanting a drink.

Question 15

John B. Watson considered himself to be a

Accepted Answer

A)  physiological psychologist. 
B)  cognitive psychologist. 
C)  behaviorist. 
D)  psychoanalyst. 
A)  physiological psychologist. 
B)  cognitive psychologist. 
C)  behaviorist. 
D)  psychoanalyst.

Question 16

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  variable-ratio 
C)  fixed-interval 
D)  variable-interval 
A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  variable-ratio 
C)  fixed-interval 
D)  variable-interval

Question 17

Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  instinctive drift. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  overimitation. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  instinctive drift. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  overimitation.

Question 18

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  secondary reinforcement. 
D)  spontaneous recovery. 
A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  secondary reinforcement. 
D)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 19

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  operant conditioning. 
A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 20

Tennis instruction that reinforces soft, short lobs over the net before attempting to reinforce hard, long, cross-court hits best illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  modeling. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  delayed reinforcement. 
A)  shaping. 
B)  modeling. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  delayed reinforcement.

A reinforcement is any event that

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

Through language we often learn things that we ourselves have neither personally experienced nor directly observed. This best illustrates the importance of

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

Learning that certain events occur together is called

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves

A trainer wants a pigeon to quickly learn to peck a button to obtain food. She also wants to be sure the behavior is resistant to extinction. So, she should use reinforcement until the response is mastered followed by reinforcement.

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of

Because Yuri was curious about human behavior, he enrolled in an introductory psychology course. George registered because he heard it was an easy course that would boost his grade-point average. In this instance, Yuri's behavior was a reflection of , whereas George's behavior was a reflection of .

An automatic response to some stimulus is called

Although 5-year-old Katelyn is not really thirsty, she frequently begins whining for a glass of water about 10 minutes after being put to bed. Her parents would be best advised to

John B. Watson considered himself to be a

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

Tennis instruction that reinforces soft, short lobs over the net before attempting to reinforce hard, long, cross-court hits best illustrates the process of

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

The Biology of Behavior

Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

Developing Through the Life Span

Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Sensation and Perception

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing

Social Psychology

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Therapy

Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life

Psychology at Work

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Exam 7: Learning

A reinforcement is any event that

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

Through language we often learn things that we ourselves have neither personally experienced nor directly observed. This best illustrates the importance of

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

Learning that certain events occur together is called

Elijah has learned to expect that whenever he studies diligently for tests, he will receive good grades. This suggests that associative learning involves

A trainer wants a pigeon to quickly learn to peck a button to obtain food. She also wants to be sure the behavior is resistant to extinction. So, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered followed by ________ reinforcement.

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of

An automatic response to some stimulus is called

Although 5-year-old Katelyn is not really thirsty, she frequently begins whining for a glass of water about 10 minutes after being put to bed. Her parents would be best advised to

John B. Watson considered himself to be a

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

Tennis instruction that reinforces soft, short lobs over the net before attempting to reinforce hard, long, cross-court hits best illustrates the process of

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

The Biology of Behavior

Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind

Developing Through the Life Span

Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Sensation and Perception

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing

Social Psychology

Personality

Psychological Disorders

Therapy

Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life

Psychology at Work

Filters

A trainer wants a pigeon to quickly learn to peck a button to obtain food. She also wants to be sure the behavior is resistant to extinction. So, she should use reinforcement until the response is mastered followed by reinforcement.