Exam 7: Learning

In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the ________ and the white rat was the ________.

Operant conditioning involves a learned association between

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a

A conditioned reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through its link with a

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n)

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. He then experienced fear of a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat, but not to dissimilar objects, such as toys. This is an example of

A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________.

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the

Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?

An empathic husband who sees his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. According to many researchers, this best illustrates the functioning of

Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. This illustrates

It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ________ in learning.

In a series of experiments, men found women more attractive and sexually desirable when their photos were framed in

The taste of food and relief from a headache are both ________ reinforcers.

If bears find insects after they move decaying logs, they more frequently move decaying logs. This most clearly indicates that finding insects is a

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus signals the impending occurrence of