Question 1

A tumor-suppressor gene that is mutated in about 75% of all colon cancers is known as:

Accepted Answer

A) p53. 
B) BRCA 1. 
C) myc. 
D) ras. 
A) p53. 
B) BRCA 1. 
C) myc. 
D) ras. A

Question 2

Evidence that the development of cancer is a multistep process includes:

Accepted Answer

A) the observation that certain tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes are involved in a sequential manner in the development of colon cancer. 
B) the fact that proto-oncogenes are widely conserved in evolution. 
C) the usual occurrence of retinoblastoma at a young age. 
D) the development of a cancer as a result of activation of a single oncogene by any of a variety of mechanisms. 
E) the fact that there are many genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that lead to inactivation of the same tumor-suppressor gene. 
A) the observation that certain tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes are involved in a sequential manner in the development of colon cancer. 
B) the fact that proto-oncogenes are widely conserved in evolution. 
C) the usual occurrence of retinoblastoma at a young age. 
D) the development of a cancer as a result of activation of a single oncogene by any of a variety of mechanisms. 
E) the fact that there are many genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that lead to inactivation of the same tumor-suppressor gene. A

Question 3

If you were assigned to study a new form of cancer, you might want to determine whether it has a strong genetic basis or whether it is caused primarily by environmental factors.Propose some ways in which you could attempt to determine which hypothesis is correct.Which methods would be the easiest to use first?

Accepted Answer

Initially, it may be helpful to look at family histories to see whether the disease is more common among relatives than in the general population.If there is evidence that the disease runs in families, then more time-consuming molecular genetic analyses can be used to attempt to identify specific genes that may be associated with the disease.Specific molecular techniques can also be discussed.It may also be helpful to look at incidences of the disease in different populations, such as migrant populations, to see whether populations with similar genetic profiles show different disease profiles in different environments.Surveys may be useful to attempt to determine whether any suspected environmental factors differ significantly between groups being studied.

Question 4

Which of the following may result in conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?

Accepted Answer

A) Retroviral infection 
B) Gene duplication 
C) Promoter inhibition 
D) Retroviral infection and gene duplication are both correct. 
E) None of the answers is correct. 
A) Retroviral infection 
B) Gene duplication 
C) Promoter inhibition 
D) Retroviral infection and gene duplication are both correct. 
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 5

What are normal cellular genes whose products are involved in facilitating cell division to occur under appropriate conditions called?

Accepted Answer

A) Proto-oncogenes 
B) Tumor-suppressor genes 
C) Passenger genes 
D) Inhibitor genes 
E) Driver genes 
A) Proto-oncogenes 
B) Tumor-suppressor genes 
C) Passenger genes 
D) Inhibitor genes 
E) Driver genes

Question 6

Explain how retroviruses may cause cancers.

Accepted Answer

Retroviruses can (1)mutate hos

Question 7

Which of the following result(s)directly from metastasis?

Accepted Answer

A) Primary tumors 
B) Secondary tumors 
C) Tumor vascularization 
D) Decreased DNA repair 
E) Increased apoptosis 
A) Primary tumors 
B) Secondary tumors 
C) Tumor vascularization 
D) Decreased DNA repair 
E) Increased apoptosis

Question 8

Defects in _____ genes often increase the overall mutation rate of other genes.

Accepted Answer

A) oncogenes 
B) proto-oncogenes 
C) tumor-suppressor 
D) DNA repair 
A) oncogenes 
B) proto-oncogenes 
C) tumor-suppressor 
D) DNA repair

Question 9

Which chromosomal abnormalities are often associated with cancer development?

Accepted Answer

A) Deletions 
B) Inversions 
C) Creation of fusion genes 
D) Translocations 
E) All of the answers are correct. 
A) Deletions 
B) Inversions 
C) Creation of fusion genes 
D) Translocations 
E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

Briefly describe the role that the genes APC, p53, and ras may have in the development of colorectal cancer.

Accepted Answer

All three of these genes are often mutat

Question 11

Burkitt lymphoma is caused by which of the following chromosomal rearrangements?

Accepted Answer

A) Duplication 
B) Deletion 
C) Inversion 
D) Translocation 
A) Duplication 
B) Deletion 
C) Inversion 
D) Translocation

Question 12

List three observations consistent with the idea that cancer arises through an accumulation of mutations in several genes that promote cellular proliferation in single cells.

Accepted Answer

(1)When single tumors are dissected and

Question 13

Mutations in proto-oncogenes are generally _____, whereas mutations in tumor-suppressor alleles are generally _____.

Accepted Answer

A) inversions; duplications 
B) recessive; dominant 
C) duplications; deletions 
D) dominant; recessive 
E) deletions; base-pair substitutions 
A) inversions; duplications 
B) recessive; dominant 
C) duplications; deletions 
D) dominant; recessive 
E) deletions; base-pair substitutions

Question 14

In Burkitt lymphoma patients, despite translocation, the oncogene c-MYC remains nearly intact in its new location.Yet c-MYC is believed to be responsible for the lymphoma because the c-MYC:

Accepted Answer

A) DNA sequence undergoes hypermethylation. 
B) DNA sequence is nearly intact but is inverted in the new position. 
C) gene is released from inhibition by miRNAs. 
D) gene is placed under the control of B-cell-specific gene regulatory sequences and is highly expressed. 
E) DNA sequence undergoes several point mutations. 
A) DNA sequence undergoes hypermethylation. 
B) DNA sequence is nearly intact but is inverted in the new position. 
C) gene is released from inhibition by miRNAs. 
D) gene is placed under the control of B-cell-specific gene regulatory sequences and is highly expressed. 
E) DNA sequence undergoes several point mutations.

Question 15

What is a possible effect of mutations in genes that influence chromosome segregation during division?

Accepted Answer

This can lead to aneuploidies.

Question 16

The normal activity of the retinoblastoma (Rb)protein in the cell is to:

Accepted Answer

A) inhibit p53 activity. 
B) suppress transcription of tumor-suppressor genes. 
C) regulate the progression of G1 to S in the cell cycle. 
D) induce cyclin-CDK complex formation. 
E) block the initiation of anaphase during the cell cycle. 
A) inhibit p53 activity. 
B) suppress transcription of tumor-suppressor genes. 
C) regulate the progression of G1 to S in the cell cycle. 
D) induce cyclin-CDK complex formation. 
E) block the initiation of anaphase during the cell cycle.

Question 17

Which of the following are mechanisms by which viruses contribute to cancer development?

Accepted Answer

A) By modifications to cytoskeletal architecture 
B) By mutating and rearranging host proto-oncogenes 
C) By stimulating overexpression of proto-oncogenes 
D) Both by mutating and rearranging host proto-oncogenes and by stimulating overexpression of proto-oncogenes 
E) None of the answers is correct. 
A) By modifications to cytoskeletal architecture 
B) By mutating and rearranging host proto-oncogenes 
C) By stimulating overexpression of proto-oncogenes 
D) Both by mutating and rearranging host proto-oncogenes and by stimulating overexpression of proto-oncogenes 
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 18

Which of the following events may serve as a first step in cancer development?

Accepted Answer

A) Overexpression of angiogenesis-promoting factors 
B) Duplication of an oncogene 
C) Mutation of a tumor-suppressor gene 
D) Both duplication of an oncogene and mutation of a tumor-suppressor gene 
E) None of the answers is correct. 
A) Overexpression of angiogenesis-promoting factors 
B) Duplication of an oncogene 
C) Mutation of a tumor-suppressor gene 
D) Both duplication of an oncogene and mutation of a tumor-suppressor gene 
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 19

Which of the following sequence of events will likely lead to colorectal cancer?

Accepted Answer

A) Carcinoma develops, polyps form, cancer metastasizes. 
B) Adenoma forms, polyps form, tumor-suppressor APC gene mutates, cancer metastasizes. 
C) Tumor-suppressor APC gene mutates, polyps form, adenoma forms, carcinoma forms. 
D) Proto-oncogenes mutate into tumor-suppressor genes, polyps form, cancer metastasizes. 
E) Carcinoma becomes metastatic, polyps form, tumor-suppressor APC gene mutates. 
A) Carcinoma develops, polyps form, cancer metastasizes. 
B) Adenoma forms, polyps form, tumor-suppressor APC gene mutates, cancer metastasizes. 
C) Tumor-suppressor APC gene mutates, polyps form, adenoma forms, carcinoma forms. 
D) Proto-oncogenes mutate into tumor-suppressor genes, polyps form, cancer metastasizes. 
E) Carcinoma becomes metastatic, polyps form, tumor-suppressor APC gene mutates.

Question 20

What is one line of evidence supporting the idea that cancer is influenced by environmental factors?

Accepted Answer

There are significant differences in the

A tumor-suppressor gene that is mutated in about 75% of all colon cancers is known as:

Evidence that the development of cancer is a multistep process includes:

Which of the following may result in conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?

What are normal cellular genes whose products are involved in facilitating cell division to occur under appropriate conditions called?

Explain how retroviruses may cause cancers.

Which of the following result(s)directly from metastasis?

Defects in _____ genes often increase the overall mutation rate of other genes.

Which chromosomal abnormalities are often associated with cancer development?

Briefly describe the role that the genes APC, p53, and ras may have in the development of colorectal cancer.

Burkitt lymphoma is caused by which of the following chromosomal rearrangements?

List three observations consistent with the idea that cancer arises through an accumulation of mutations in several genes that promote cellular proliferation in single cells.

Mutations in proto-oncogenes are generally _, whereas mutations in tumor-suppressor alleles are generally _.

In Burkitt lymphoma patients, despite translocation, the oncogene c-MYC remains nearly intact in its new location.Yet c-MYC is believed to be responsible for the lymphoma because the c-MYC:

What is a possible effect of mutations in genes that influence chromosome segregation during division?

The normal activity of the retinoblastoma (Rb)protein in the cell is to:

Which of the following are mechanisms by which viruses contribute to cancer development?

Which of the following events may serve as a first step in cancer development?

Which of the following sequence of events will likely lead to colorectal cancer?

What is one line of evidence supporting the idea that cancer is influenced by environmental factors?

Introduction to Genetics

Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction

Basic Principles of Heredity

Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics

Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping

Chromosome Variation

Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems

DNA- the Chemical Nature of the Gene

DNA Replication and Recombination

From DNA to Proteins- Transcription and Rna Processing

From DNA to Protein- Translation

Control of Gene Expression

Gene Mutations, Transposable Elements, and Dna Repair

Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology

Genomics and Proteomics

Quantitative Genetics

Population and Evolutionary Genetics

Filters

Exam 16: Cancer Genetics

A tumor-suppressor gene that is mutated in about 75% of all colon cancers is known as:

Evidence that the development of cancer is a multistep process includes:

Which of the following may result in conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes?

What are normal cellular genes whose products are involved in facilitating cell division to occur under appropriate conditions called?

Explain how retroviruses may cause cancers.

Which of the following result(s)directly from metastasis?

Defects in _____ genes often increase the overall mutation rate of other genes.

Which chromosomal abnormalities are often associated with cancer development?

Briefly describe the role that the genes APC, p53, and ras may have in the development of colorectal cancer.

Burkitt lymphoma is caused by which of the following chromosomal rearrangements?

List three observations consistent with the idea that cancer arises through an accumulation of mutations in several genes that promote cellular proliferation in single cells.

Mutations in proto-oncogenes are generally _____, whereas mutations in tumor-suppressor alleles are generally _____.

In Burkitt lymphoma patients, despite translocation, the oncogene c-MYC remains nearly intact in its new location.Yet c-MYC is believed to be responsible for the lymphoma because the c-MYC:

What is a possible effect of mutations in genes that influence chromosome segregation during division?

The normal activity of the retinoblastoma (Rb)protein in the cell is to:

Which of the following are mechanisms by which viruses contribute to cancer development?

Which of the following events may serve as a first step in cancer development?

Which of the following sequence of events will likely lead to colorectal cancer?

What is one line of evidence supporting the idea that cancer is influenced by environmental factors?

Introduction to Genetics

Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction

Basic Principles of Heredity

Sex Determination and Sex-Linked Characteristics

Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping

Chromosome Variation

Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems

DNA- the Chemical Nature of the Gene

DNA Replication and Recombination

From DNA to Proteins- Transcription and Rna Processing

From DNA to Protein- Translation

Control of Gene Expression

Gene Mutations, Transposable Elements, and Dna Repair

Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology

Genomics and Proteomics

Quantitative Genetics

Population and Evolutionary Genetics

Filters

Mutations in proto-oncogenes are generally _, whereas mutations in tumor-suppressor alleles are generally _.