Question 1

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the ancestors of early humans and chimpanzees (those present 6 million years ago)?

Accepted Answer

A) The ancestors of chimpanzees likely appeared very similar (if not identical)to present-day chimpanzees. 
B) The ancestors of humans likely appeared very similar (if not identical)to present-day humans. 
C) The ancestors of humans and chimpanzees likely resembled one another, but would not appear identical to either present-day chimpanzees or humans. 
D) The ancestors of chimpanzees likely resembled present-day humans. 
A) The ancestors of chimpanzees likely appeared very similar (if not identical)to present-day chimpanzees. 
B) The ancestors of humans likely appeared very similar (if not identical)to present-day humans. 
C) The ancestors of humans and chimpanzees likely resembled one another, but would not appear identical to either present-day chimpanzees or humans. 
D) The ancestors of chimpanzees likely resembled present-day humans. C

Question 2

Examine Figure 23.21 below.   According to the figure, a mass extinction occurred at or near the end of the _____ Period.

Accepted Answer

A) Ordovician 
B) Devonian 
C) Permian 
D) Triassic 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) Ordovician 
B) Devonian 
C) Permian 
D) Triassic 
E) All of these choices are correct. E

Question 3

Radiocarbon dating was an important tool used to determine the placement of Tiktaalik as an intermediary form between fish and tetrapods.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

Based on Figure 23.7, which of the following are examples of convergent evolution?

Accepted Answer

A) wings in birds and bats 
B) lungs in lungfish and turtles 
C) jaws in sharks and lizards 
D) the amniotic egg of crocodiles and mammals 
A) wings in birds and bats 
B) lungs in lungfish and turtles 
C) jaws in sharks and lizards 
D) the amniotic egg of crocodiles and mammals

Question 5

Examine the following table of characters in four different species of flower. $$\begin{array} { | l | c | c | c | c | } 
\hline & \text { Species A } & \text { Species B } & \text { Species C } & \text { Species D } \
\hline \begin{array} { l } 
\text { Presence of } \
\text { sepals }
\end{array} & \text { yes } & \text { yes } & \text { yes } & \text { no } \
\hline \begin{array} { l } 
\text { Number of } \
\text { petals }
\end{array} & \text { five } & \text { five } & \text { ten } & \text { ten } \
\hline \begin{array} { l } 
\text { Arrangement of } \
\text { petals }
\end{array} & \text { whorled } & \text { whorled } & \text { whorled } & \text { whorled } \
\hline \begin{array} { l } 
\text { Number of } \
\text { carpels }
\end{array} & \text { ten } & \text { ten } & \text { ten } & \text { five } \
\hline
\end{array}$$ Do the characters presence of sepals and number of petals together provide a unique solution to the question of phylogenetic relationships among species A, B, C, and D?

Accepted Answer

A) yes 
B) no 
A) yes 
B) no

Question 6

Which of the following is a benefit of reconstructing evolutionary history from living organisms?

Accepted Answer

A) A range of features can be used to generate phylogenetic hypotheses. 
B) The time dimension of speciation events can be calculated with greater certainty. 
C) Evolutionary links running through extinct species can be inferred easily. 
D) The environmental context is more easily observable. 
E) None of the other answer options is correct. 
A) A range of features can be used to generate phylogenetic hypotheses. 
B) The time dimension of speciation events can be calculated with greater certainty. 
C) Evolutionary links running through extinct species can be inferred easily. 
D) The environmental context is more easily observable. 
E) None of the other answer options is correct.

Question 7

Mass extinctions:

Accepted Answer

A) represent loss of many species in a short time. 
B) allow surviving species to proliferate. 
C) can be reconstructed from fossil records. 
D) All of these choices are correct. 
A) represent loss of many species in a short time. 
B) allow surviving species to proliferate. 
C) can be reconstructed from fossil records. 
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 8

The extinction of the _____ during the end-Cretaceous mass extinction allowed mammals to diversify through the process of _____.

Accepted Answer

A) ammonites; peripatric speciation. 
B) dinosaurs; peripatric speciation. 
C) dinosaurs; adaptive radiation. 
D) ammonites; adaptive radiation. 
E) cephalopods; adaptive radiation. 
A) ammonites; peripatric speciation. 
B) dinosaurs; peripatric speciation. 
C) dinosaurs; adaptive radiation. 
D) ammonites; adaptive radiation. 
E) cephalopods; adaptive radiation.

Question 9

To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, an outgroup is needed in order to:

Accepted Answer

A) decide which characters are analogous and which are homologous. 
B) determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived. 
C) determine which characteristics to include in our analysis. 
D) decide which molecular data to use. 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) decide which characters are analogous and which are homologous. 
B) determine which character states are ancestral and which are derived. 
C) determine which characteristics to include in our analysis. 
D) decide which molecular data to use. 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 10

The fact that two independent methodologies for investigating the history of life on Earth (phylogenies and the fossil record) agree is powerful evidence of evolution.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Imagine that you are chatting with one of your friends. He states that reptiles are obviously a monophyletic group, as this group contains all of the organisms (outside of fish) that possess scales. This statement is:

Accepted Answer

A) as monophyletic groups are based solely on the morphological characteristics of their included species. 
B) true, as the reptile group includes all of the organisms derived from a common ancestor on the phylogenetic tree. 
C) false, as reptiles are a polyphyletic group, much like birds and bats. 
D) false, as reptiles are a paraphyletic group; this group does not include birds, even though birds share a common ancestor with reptiles. 
A) as monophyletic groups are based solely on the morphological characteristics of their included species. 
B) true, as the reptile group includes all of the organisms derived from a common ancestor on the phylogenetic tree. 
C) false, as reptiles are a polyphyletic group, much like birds and bats. 
D) false, as reptiles are a paraphyletic group; this group does not include birds, even though birds share a common ancestor with reptiles.

Question 12

Which factor increases an organism's chance of becoming a fossil?

Accepted Answer

A) being buried soon after death 
B) having soft body features 
C) being in an environment that facilitates decay 
D) All organisms have an equal chance of being fossilized. 
A) being buried soon after death 
B) having soft body features 
C) being in an environment that facilitates decay 
D) All organisms have an equal chance of being fossilized.

Question 13

If two organisms are in the same class, then which of the following must also be TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) They are in the same phylum. 
B) They are in the same family. 
C) They are in the same genus. 
D) They are in the same order. 
E) None of the answer options is correct. 
A) They are in the same phylum. 
B) They are in the same family. 
C) They are in the same genus. 
D) They are in the same order. 
E) None of the answer options is correct.

Question 14

Which phylogenetic group includes all descendants of a common ancestor and only the descendants of that ancestor?

Accepted Answer

A) monophyletic 
B) paraphyletic 
C) polyphyletic 
D) genus 
A) monophyletic 
B) paraphyletic 
C) polyphyletic 
D) genus

Question 15

What is a disadvantage of using fossils to reconstruct phylogenetic history?

Accepted Answer

A) Fossils are a physical record of organismal structure. 
B) Fossils yield information about the timing and order of events in the past. 
C) Fossils reveal relatedness. 
D) The probability that an organism will be fossilized varies among species and environments. 
A) Fossils are a physical record of organismal structure. 
B) Fossils yield information about the timing and order of events in the past. 
C) Fossils reveal relatedness. 
D) The probability that an organism will be fossilized varies among species and environments.

Question 16

The LARGEST documented mass extinction on Earth occurred _____ million years ago.

Accepted Answer

A) 252 
B) 25 
C) 6)5 
D) 65 
E) 650 
A) 252 
B) 25 
C) 6)5 
D) 65 
E) 650

Question 17

Trace fossils include all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) the mineralized skull of an ancient mammal. 
B) the trail left by a crawling worm. 
C) the feedings grooves made by grazing snails. 
D) a dinosaur footprint. 
E) the burrow of an extinct crab. 
A) the mineralized skull of an ancient mammal. 
B) the trail left by a crawling worm. 
C) the feedings grooves made by grazing snails. 
D) a dinosaur footprint. 
E) the burrow of an extinct crab.

Question 18

What is the FIRST event in the fossilization process?

Accepted Answer

A) erosion of soils around the organism 
B) burial of the organism by sediments 
C) conversion of organic tissue to minerals (rock) 
D) hardening of sediments into rock. 
A) erosion of soils around the organism 
B) burial of the organism by sediments 
C) conversion of organic tissue to minerals (rock) 
D) hardening of sediments into rock.

Question 19

Phylogenetic methods based on DNA sequences and data from the fossil record both show that the evolutionary link between birds and crocodiles runs through dinosaurs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

During the end-Permian mass extinction:

Accepted Answer

A) oxygen levels in the deep oceans dropped. 
B) global warming occurred as a result of volcanic eruptions. 
C) oceans were acidified as a result of volcanic eruptions. 
D) All of these choices are correct. 
A) oxygen levels in the deep oceans dropped. 
B) global warming occurred as a result of volcanic eruptions. 
C) oceans were acidified as a result of volcanic eruptions. 
D) All of these choices are correct.

Exam 23: Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the ancestors of early humans and chimpanzees (those present 6 million years ago)?

Examine Figure 23.21 below. According to the figure, a mass extinction occurred at or near the end of the _____ Period.

Radiocarbon dating was an important tool used to determine the placement of Tiktaalik as an intermediary form between fish and tetrapods.

Based on Figure 23.7, which of the following are examples of convergent evolution?

Which of the following is a benefit of reconstructing evolutionary history from living organisms?

Mass extinctions:

The extinction of the _____ during the end-Cretaceous mass extinction allowed mammals to diversify through the process of _____.

To conduct a phylogenetic analysis, an outgroup is needed in order to:

The fact that two independent methodologies for investigating the history of life on Earth (phylogenies and the fossil record) agree is powerful evidence of evolution.

Imagine that you are chatting with one of your friends. He states that reptiles are obviously a monophyletic group, as this group contains all of the organisms (outside of fish) that possess scales. This statement is:

Which factor increases an organism's chance of becoming a fossil?

If two organisms are in the same class, then which of the following must also be TRUE?

Which phylogenetic group includes all descendants of a common ancestor and only the descendants of that ancestor?

What is a disadvantage of using fossils to reconstruct phylogenetic history?

The LARGEST documented mass extinction on Earth occurred _____ million years ago.

Trace fossils include all of the following EXCEPT:

What is the FIRST event in the fossilization process?

Phylogenetic methods based on DNA sequences and data from the fossil record both show that the evolutionary link between birds and crocodiles runs through dinosaurs.

During the end-Permian mass extinction:

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

Filters

The extinction of the _ during the end-Cretaceous mass extinction allowed mammals to diversify through the process of _.