Question 1

Spore production in fungi is an important part of reproduction. What is the adaptive significance of the protective coat found around fungal spores?

Accepted Answer

A) The protective coat inhibits spore growth until other fungi in the area die. 
B) The protective coat keeps the spore viable until environmental conditions allow fungal growth. 
C) The protective coat increases the distance of dispersal from the parental fungus. 
D) The protective coat inhibits fungal growth wherever the spore lands. 
A) The protective coat inhibits spore growth until other fungi in the area die. 
B) The protective coat keeps the spore viable until environmental conditions allow fungal growth. 
C) The protective coat increases the distance of dispersal from the parental fungus. 
D) The protective coat inhibits fungal growth wherever the spore lands. B

Question 2

When plasmogamy occurs between two fungi of compatible mating types, a dikaryotic cell is formed in the hyphae. For some groups of fungi, only one or a few cells are dikaryotic. In other groups of fungi, a majority of the cells that make up the fungal hyphae are dikaryotic. What might be an advantage of having dikaryotic hyphae?

Accepted Answer

A) Dikaryotic hyphae have more nuclei and thus can achieve higher rates of transcription and translation, and make more digestive enzymes per cell. 
B) Dikaryotic hyphae are able to divide more rapidly than hyphae with only one nucleus. 
C) Karyogamy can occur in more than one cell and more fruiting bodies can be produced, increasing the number of spores produced during meiosis. 
D) Karyogamy can occur more rapidly when a dikaryotic hypha encounters a compatible mating type. 
A) Dikaryotic hyphae have more nuclei and thus can achieve higher rates of transcription and translation, and make more digestive enzymes per cell. 
B) Dikaryotic hyphae are able to divide more rapidly than hyphae with only one nucleus. 
C) Karyogamy can occur in more than one cell and more fruiting bodies can be produced, increasing the number of spores produced during meiosis. 
D) Karyogamy can occur more rapidly when a dikaryotic hypha encounters a compatible mating type. C

Question 3

_____ is the process by which the nuclei within a heterokaryotic fungal cell fuse.

Accepted Answer

A) Karyogamy 
B) Plasmogamy 
C) Mitosis 
D) Meiosis 
A) Karyogamy 
B) Plasmogamy 
C) Mitosis 
D) Meiosis A

Question 4

Which type of reproduction is typical in many molds and yeasts?

Accepted Answer

A) sexual reproduction through plasmogamy of diploid parental mycelia, and then production of spores 
B) sexual reproduction through plasmogamy of haploid parental mycelia, and then production of spores 
C) asexual reproduction of haploid spores from a diploid parental organism 
D) asexual reproduction of haploid spores from a haploid parental organism 
A) sexual reproduction through plasmogamy of diploid parental mycelia, and then production of spores 
B) sexual reproduction through plasmogamy of haploid parental mycelia, and then production of spores 
C) asexual reproduction of haploid spores from a diploid parental organism 
D) asexual reproduction of haploid spores from a haploid parental organism

Question 5

According to the phylogeny shown below, which of the following is a synapomorphy (shared, derived character) of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?

Accepted Answer

A) complex, multicellular fruiting bodies 
B) regular septa 
C) chitin in cell walls 
D) hyphae 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) complex, multicellular fruiting bodies 
B) regular septa 
C) chitin in cell walls 
D) hyphae 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 6

In fungi, _____ cells are cells composed of the cytoplasm of two or more cells, but they retain distinct sets of chromosomes contained in separate nuclei.

Accepted Answer

A) diploid 
B) haploid 
C) heterokaryotic 
D) haplokaryotic 
A) diploid 
B) haploid 
C) heterokaryotic 
D) haplokaryotic

Question 7

Many antibiotics work by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a component of the bacterial cell wall. What is a possible mechanism of action for anti-fungal drugs?

Accepted Answer

A) inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan in fungi 
B) inhibiting the synthesis of cellulose in fungi 
C) inhibiting the synthesis of chitin in fungi 
D) inhibiting the synthesis of lignin in fungi 
A) inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan in fungi 
B) inhibiting the synthesis of cellulose in fungi 
C) inhibiting the synthesis of chitin in fungi 
D) inhibiting the synthesis of lignin in fungi

Question 8

After karyogamy and meiosis in ascomycetes, the spores will be formed. The spores that are formed will:

Accepted Answer

A) only have chromosomes from a single mating type, but a mixture of both parental mating-type alleles. 
B) each have a unique combination of chromosomes from each parent, with a combination of mating-type alleles. 
C) each have a unique chromosome combination, but mating-type alleles from one of the parental types. 
A) only have chromosomes from a single mating type, but a mixture of both parental mating-type alleles. 
B) each have a unique combination of chromosomes from each parent, with a combination of mating-type alleles. 
C) each have a unique chromosome combination, but mating-type alleles from one of the parental types.

Question 9

Unicellular fungi are also known as:

Accepted Answer

A) yeasts. 
B) bacteria. 
C) buds. 
D) hyphae. 
E) mushrooms. 
A) yeasts. 
B) bacteria. 
C) buds. 
D) hyphae. 
E) mushrooms.

Question 10

All of the following traits are shared between animals and at least some fungi EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) flagellated motile cells. 
B) chitin synthesis. 
C) glycogen for energy storage. 
D) eukaryotic cells. 
E) None of the answer options is correct. 
A) flagellated motile cells. 
B) chitin synthesis. 
C) glycogen for energy storage. 
D) eukaryotic cells. 
E) None of the answer options is correct.

Question 11

In the sexual life cycle of fungi, when is genetic variation generated?

Accepted Answer

A) during karyogamy when nuclei become diploid 
B) during plasmogamy when hyphae become heterokaryotic 
C) during germination when spores begin to grow 
D) during meiosis when spores are formed 
A) during karyogamy when nuclei become diploid 
B) during plasmogamy when hyphae become heterokaryotic 
C) during germination when spores begin to grow 
D) during meiosis when spores are formed

Question 12

Below the surface of the soil, fungi can grow over a large area by extending their hyphae. Typically, when two hyphae are touching, mating can occur. How do fungi prohibit self-fertilization when the majority of hyphae in a localized area are likely from the same individual?

Accepted Answer

A) Fungi do not prohibit self-fertilization and readily self-fertilize. 
B) Each fungal individual has specific alleles that allow it to identify fungal hyphae that are not the same mating type. 
C) Fungal hyphae from the same individual can combine, but will use parasexuality to generate genetic diversity. 
D) Fungal individuals of the same mating type must meet in order to mate. 
A) Fungi do not prohibit self-fertilization and readily self-fertilize. 
B) Each fungal individual has specific alleles that allow it to identify fungal hyphae that are not the same mating type. 
C) Fungal hyphae from the same individual can combine, but will use parasexuality to generate genetic diversity. 
D) Fungal individuals of the same mating type must meet in order to mate.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is true in parasexual fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) Crossing over occurs during mitosis. 
B) Crossing over occurs during meiosis. 
C) Chromosomes are lost until haploid (1n)cells are achieved. 
D) Chromosomes are added until haploid (1n)cells are achieved. 
E) The parasexual fungi produce dikaryotic (n + n)cells. 
A) Crossing over occurs during mitosis. 
B) Crossing over occurs during meiosis. 
C) Chromosomes are lost until haploid (1n)cells are achieved. 
D) Chromosomes are added until haploid (1n)cells are achieved. 
E) The parasexual fungi produce dikaryotic (n + n)cells.

Question 14

All fungi can only reproduce sexually.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the sexual life cycle of ascomycetes?

Accepted Answer

A) Diploid nuclei undergo meiosis followed by mitosis to form spores. 
B) Diploid nuclei only undergo meiosis to form spores. 
C) Diploid nuclei only undergo mitosis to form spores. 
D) Fruiting bodies are composed of both haploid (1n)and dikaryotic (n + n)cells. 
E) Fruiting bodies are only composed of dikaryotic cells (n + n). 
A) Diploid nuclei undergo meiosis followed by mitosis to form spores. 
B) Diploid nuclei only undergo meiosis to form spores. 
C) Diploid nuclei only undergo mitosis to form spores. 
D) Fruiting bodies are composed of both haploid (1n)and dikaryotic (n + n)cells. 
E) Fruiting bodies are only composed of dikaryotic cells (n + n).

Question 16

Where are the basidia located in a typical toadstool (i.e., a mushroom with a central stalk and a cap with gills)?

Accepted Answer

A) lining the gills 
B) on top of the cap 
C) within the central stalk 
D) within the underground mycelium 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) lining the gills 
B) on top of the cap 
C) within the central stalk 
D) within the underground mycelium 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 17

Fungi can cause various diseases, but they can also be beneficial to humans. Which of the following result from fungi?

Accepted Answer

A) smut or rust crop infections 
B) leavened bread 
C) soy sauce 
D) certain skin infections 
E) some soft cheeses 
A) smut or rust crop infections 
B) leavened bread 
C) soy sauce 
D) certain skin infections 
E) some soft cheeses

Question 18

What is the advantage of a fungal body being composed of numerous thin hyphae instead of one or two very thick hyphae?

Accepted Answer

A) A greater surface area is available for absorption of nutrients. 
B) Less energy is required to produce the hyphae. 
C) Better support is provided by numerous hyphae. 
D) More exposure to the sun allows for increased photosynthesis. 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) A greater surface area is available for absorption of nutrients. 
B) Less energy is required to produce the hyphae. 
C) Better support is provided by numerous hyphae. 
D) More exposure to the sun allows for increased photosynthesis. 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 19

Imagine that sexual reproduction could occur between hyphae that were the same mating type. How might this affect the population of one species of fungus?

Accepted Answer

A) The frequency of sexual reproduction would be higher. 
B) The frequency of sexual reproduction would be lower. 
C) The frequency of sexual reproduction would remain the same. 
A) The frequency of sexual reproduction would be higher. 
B) The frequency of sexual reproduction would be lower. 
C) The frequency of sexual reproduction would remain the same.

Question 20

Why do fungi produce fruiting bodies?

Accepted Answer

A) to enhance spore dispersal 
B) to provide food for animals 
C) to enhance photosynthesis 
D) to defend against predators 
E) to indicate territorial boundaries 
A) to enhance spore dispersal 
B) to provide food for animals 
C) to enhance photosynthesis 
D) to defend against predators 
E) to indicate territorial boundaries

Exam 34: Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Spore production in fungi is an important part of reproduction. What is the adaptive significance of the protective coat found around fungal spores?

_____ is the process by which the nuclei within a heterokaryotic fungal cell fuse.

Which type of reproduction is typical in many molds and yeasts?

According to the phylogeny shown below, which of the following is a synapomorphy (shared, derived character) of ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?

In fungi, _____ cells are cells composed of the cytoplasm of two or more cells, but they retain distinct sets of chromosomes contained in separate nuclei.

Many antibiotics work by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a component of the bacterial cell wall. What is a possible mechanism of action for anti-fungal drugs?

After karyogamy and meiosis in ascomycetes, the spores will be formed. The spores that are formed will:

Unicellular fungi are also known as:

All of the following traits are shared between animals and at least some fungi EXCEPT:

In the sexual life cycle of fungi, when is genetic variation generated?

Below the surface of the soil, fungi can grow over a large area by extending their hyphae. Typically, when two hyphae are touching, mating can occur. How do fungi prohibit self-fertilization when the majority of hyphae in a localized area are likely from the same individual?

Which of the following statements is true in parasexual fungi?

All fungi can only reproduce sexually.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the sexual life cycle of ascomycetes?

Where are the basidia located in a typical toadstool (i.e., a mushroom with a central stalk and a cap with gills)?

Fungi can cause various diseases, but they can also be beneficial to humans. Which of the following result from fungi?

What is the advantage of a fungal body being composed of numerous thin hyphae instead of one or two very thick hyphae?

Imagine that sexual reproduction could occur between hyphae that were the same mating type. How might this affect the population of one species of fungus?

Why do fungi produce fruiting bodies?

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

Filters