Exam 5: Learning

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to one you have already learned to respond to is called ________.

On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given for the ________.

Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as backward conditioning.

A "Skinner box" is most likely to be used in research on ________.

One of the best known examples of classical conditioning was the Little Albert study, conducted by ________.

Stimulus control appears in ________ conditioning.

Presenting an aversive stimulus to eliminate undesired behavior is an example of ________.

Desensitization therapy is based on classical conditioning techniques.

In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they can escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________.

In classical conditioning the desired behavior is usually ________, and in operant conditioning, the desired behavior is usually ________.

Failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli is called ________.

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the conditioned response is ________.

In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was the ________.

Which of the following is true of learning?

After extinction, a classically conditioned response reappears on its own. This phenomenon is called generalization.

Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by ________.

Extinction and spontaneous recovery occur in ________ conditioning.

In the Watson and Rayner study of Little Albert, the white rat was the ________ and the loud noise was the ________.

Punishment is the same as negative reinforcement.

Which of the following behaviors will be most difficult to extinguish?