Exam 5: Learning

A young man's fiancé calls at 11:00 p.m. every night. As the usual time for the call approaches, he looks at the phone more and more frequently. His phone-looking is being reinforced according to a ________.

A dog, taught to salivate to the sound of a whistle, is now going through many trials in which the whistle sound is not followed by food. The dog will probably ________.

Oscar takes vitamins to prevent illnesses related to vitamin deficiencies. This is an example of ________.

Name and briefly discuss each of the four schedules of reinforcement. In your discussion, be sure to give an example for each schedule and describe the response pattern that typically results from each schedule.

After being told all morning not to play baseball near the house, a small boy continues to play ball and breaks a window. Of the following methods of discipline, the one likely to be most effective in changing the boy's subsequent behavior is to ________.

After conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented is a(n) ________.

In higher order conditioning, we pair a neutral stimulus with a(n) ________.

The two researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are ________.

Some behaviors, such as food aversion, take much longer to learn by classical conditioning than others.

Learning that involves transfer of a natural response from one stimulus to another previously neutral stimulus is called classical conditioning.

Barbara suffers from tension headaches. Her doctor teaches her to control them by attaching an electronic device that emits a tone to her head. Even slight relaxation of her head muscles causes the tone to drop. By relaxing her head muscles, her headaches are relieved. This technique is known as ________.

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable is called ________ learning.

A fourth-grade teacher realized that one of his students was misbehaving in order to receive attention. The teacher decided to ignore all instances of the misbehavior. The teacher is using ________.

Classical conditioning has been demonstrated ________.

A group of dogs is taught to salivate to the ringing of a bell by pairing the sound of the bell with the presentation of meat. Once the dogs have been conditioned to the sound of the bell, a black square is presented each time the bell is rung. Soon, the dogs are salivating to the presentation of the black square without it being paired to the presentation of the bell. This is an example of ________.

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the ________.

A box used in operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a ________ box.

Explain the concept of preparedness. Also, summarize research findings on food aversion and how it relates to preparedness.

Define "learning," and explain what classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and instrumental conditioning are; comparing how they are similar to or different from each other.

Learning by classical conditioning plays a significant role in the lives of most animals.