Exam 5: Learning

Compare and contrast positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement in terms of their methods and effects.

Which of the following is NOT an example of operantly learned behavior?

Conditioning is impossible if the conditioned stimulus follows the unconditioned stimulus.

The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is ________.

Research on cognitive learning in animals indicates that ________.

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one to which you have learned to respond to is called response generalization.

A scientist trains a group of rats to run a maze to get food pellets. Another group of rats is trained to run the maze without receiving food pellets. At the end of the training, the group receiving the food pellets runs the maze faster and with fewer errors. However, when the scientist begins giving the second group of rats food pellets for running the maze, they almost immediately begin running the maze as well as the first group. This improved performance is probably due to ________.

If a person is paid at the end of each work day, the reinforcement schedule would be ________.

Classical conditioning is only effective in humans when they are infants.

Any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n) ________.

Wolpe's therapy for treating anxiety, which involves the pairing of relaxation training with a hierarchical list of fearful situations, is called ________.

Researchers have discovered that many autoimmune disorders can be successfully controlled without drug treatments through the use of ________ procedures.

Punishment alone works better than punishment combined with reinforcement of the desired behavior.

Sandy's favorite activity is to go to Las Vegas and play the slot machines. Her gambling behavior is being reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Conditioning based on previous learning, in which the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further learning, is called ________ conditioning.

At the National Zoological Park in Washington, D. C., a polar bear suffered a broken tooth and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem. The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door, then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth. Finally, a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward. This is an example of ________.

In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned response was fear of the ________.

Which of the following would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures?

Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur is ________.

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.