Exam 5: Learning

Why is learning described as a "relatively permanent" change?

In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food formed the ________ step of the classical conditioning process.

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one which you have learned to react is called _______.

The abbreviation CR stands for ________.

Conditioned emotional responses are some of the easiest forms of classical conditioning to accomplish, as demonstrated by the fact that our lives are so full of them.

When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice thereafter, her heart raced. Old Spice After Shave was the:

Abigail is trying to figure out how she can BEST use employee pay to shape her employees' behavior. She is worried about consistent behavior, not speed. Therefore, she is interested in getting a slow but steady rate of response from her workers. According to reinforcement principles, she should probably use a ________ schedule.

In what ways might higher-order conditioning explain why some words trigger emotional responses in us? (a) Give an example of a positive response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning. (b) Give an example of a negative response that could be formed through higher-order conditioning. (c) In what ways might higher-order conditioning contribute to racism and prejudice?

When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a ________ schedule.

You have a class in which you have a quiz every Friday. Your studying for quizzes is reinforced on what type of schedule?

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is _____.

Giving different responses to the same stimuli to which you were classically conditioned illustrates ____________ .

Give an example of a conditioned stimulus.

Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ______________.

The abbreviation UCS stands for ________.

In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _______.

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n)________.

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________.

Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ________.