Question 1

The process by which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a new (second) stimulus, even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously, is called ___________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  a learning set 
B)  learned helplessness 
C)  diffusion 
D)  blocking 
A)  a learning set 
B)  learned helplessness 
C)  diffusion 
D)  blocking

Question 2

For years, parents have wondered whether physical discipline of their children (spanking, for example) was an effective and acceptable practice. What findings from many research studies have promoted the idea that spanking a child may be a bad idea?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children who were spanked at the age of 5 were more likely to show symptoms of depression at the age of 10. 
B)  Spanking showed far more negative long-term effects when used on daughters as opposed to sons. 
C)  Girls who were spanked as a form of punishment in toddlerhood were more likely to experience a premature entry into puberty. 
D)  Children who were spanked at the age of 3 showed more aggressive tendencies by the age of 5. 
A)  Children who were spanked at the age of 5 were more likely to show symptoms of depression at the age of 10. 
B)  Spanking showed far more negative long-term effects when used on daughters as opposed to sons. 
C)  Girls who were spanked as a form of punishment in toddlerhood were more likely to experience a premature entry into puberty. 
D)  Children who were spanked at the age of 3 showed more aggressive tendencies by the age of 5.

Question 3

The "aha!" experience is known as ________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning 
B)  insight learning 
C)  thoughtful learning 
D)  serial enumeration 
A)  latent learning 
B)  insight learning 
C)  thoughtful learning 
D)  serial enumeration

Question 4

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Köhler 
B)  Tolman 
C)  Seligman 
D)  Skinner 
A)  Köhler 
B)  Tolman 
C)  Seligman 
D)  Skinner

Question 5

Which of the following is true of research on insight?

Accepted Answer

A)  Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning. 
B)  Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning. 
C)  Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans. 
D)  Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning. 
A)  Researchers have found that only human beings are capable of insight learning. 
B)  Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning. 
C)  Researchers have found that apes are capable of insight only after being taught this by humans. 
D)  Researchers have proven that all creatures, even one-celled organisms such as the amoeba, are capable of insight learning.

Question 6

The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________ .

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction 
B)  generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  shaping 
A)  extinction 
B)  generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  shaping

Question 7

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the metronome was not a distinctive sound 
B)  the metronome should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit 
C)  you should have had an even longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit 
D)  the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome 
A)  the metronome was not a distinctive sound 
B)  the metronome should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit 
C)  you should have had an even longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit 
D)  the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome

Question 8

Aunt Bea gave Opie fried chicken livers every time he made his bed. Opie began making his bed more often than he used to. In this example, chicken livers are a _______ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  neutral 
B)  negative 
C)  secondary 
D)  primary 
A)  neutral 
B)  negative 
C)  secondary 
D)  primary

Question 9

Thorndike conducted research on:

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  higher-order conditioning. 
A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  higher-order conditioning.

Question 10

A young girl is just learning to dress herself. At first, the parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes "frontwards," even if they are not buttoned. Then, they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them--even if the buttons are not in the right holes. Then, they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons them

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  higher-order conditioning. 
D)  successive approximation. 
A)  discrimination. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  higher-order conditioning. 
D)  successive approximation.

Question 11

Pavlov's model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal's brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. This was known as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus substitution 
B)  the cognitive perspective 
C)  the Skinner model 
D)  higher-order conditioning 
A)  stimulus substitution 
B)  the cognitive perspective 
C)  the Skinner model 
D)  higher-order conditioning

Question 12

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  2nd order conditioning 
A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  stimulus generalization 
C)  spontaneous recovery 
D)  2nd order conditioning

Question 13

According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must _______ the UCS or conditioning does not occur.

Accepted Answer

A)  replace 
B)  come after 
C)  appear simultaneously with 
D)  predict 
A)  replace 
B)  come after 
C)  appear simultaneously with 
D)  predict

Question 14

Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Learning can be directly observed and measured. 
B)  Learning cannot be directly observed or measured, so performance is observed and learning is inferred based on what the person is able to do. 
C)  The results of learning must immediately change behavior. 
D)  none of the above 
A)  Learning can be directly observed and measured. 
B)  Learning cannot be directly observed or measured, so performance is observed and learning is inferred based on what the person is able to do. 
C)  The results of learning must immediately change behavior. 
D)  none of the above

Question 15

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pavlov 
B)  Garcia 
C)  Rescorla 
D)  Skinner 
A)  Pavlov 
B)  Garcia 
C)  Rescorla 
D)  Skinner

Question 16

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this.

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning 
B)  latent learning 
C)  instrumental conditioning 
D)  conditioned taste aversions 
A)  observational learning 
B)  latent learning 
C)  instrumental conditioning 
D)  conditioned taste aversions

Question 17

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response 
B)  unconditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  conditioned stimulus 
A)  unconditioned response 
B)  unconditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  conditioned stimulus

Question 18

In classical conditioning, one must pair the _______ before conditioning can occur.

Accepted Answer

A)  UCS and CR 
B)  UCS and CS 
C)  CR and CS 
D)  UCR and CR 
A)  UCS and CR 
B)  UCS and CS 
C)  CR and CS 
D)  UCR and CR

Question 19

To avoid getting a headache, Lory always lets her dog outside when it sits by the door and howls. This is an example of which type of punishment or reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  aversive punishment 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  response cost 
A)  aversive punishment 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  positive reinforcement 
D)  response cost

Question 20

The Law of Effect emphasized that responses were more likely to be made if they were followed by some pleasing consequence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

The process by which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a new (second) stimulus, even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously, is called ___________ .

For years, parents have wondered whether physical discipline of their children (spanking, for example) was an effective and acceptable practice. What findings from many research studies have promoted the idea that spanking a child may be a bad idea?

The "aha!" experience is known as ________________.

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

Which of the following is true of research on insight?

The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________ .

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

Aunt Bea gave Opie fried chicken livers every time he made his bed. Opie began making his bed more often than he used to. In this example, chicken livers are a _______ reinforcer.

Thorndike conducted research on:

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called _______.

According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must _______ the UCS or conditioning does not occur.

Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ____________.

In classical conditioning, one must pair the _______ before conditioning can occur.

To avoid getting a headache, Lory always lets her dog outside when it sits by the door and howls. This is an example of which type of punishment or reinforcement?

The Law of Effect emphasized that responses were more likely to be made if they were followed by some pleasing consequence.

The Science of Psychology

The Biological Perspective

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

Development Across the Life Span

Motivation, Stress, and Emotion

Social Psychology

Theories of Personality

Psychological Disorders

Psychological Therapies

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Exam 5: Learning

The process by which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a new (second) stimulus, even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously, is called ___________ .

For years, parents have wondered whether physical discipline of their children (spanking, for example) was an effective and acceptable practice. What findings from many research studies have promoted the idea that spanking a child may be a bad idea?

The "aha!" experience is known as ________________.

Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?

Which of the following is true of research on insight?

The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________ .

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.

Aunt Bea gave Opie fried chicken livers every time he made his bed. Opie began making his bed more often than he used to. In this example, chicken livers are a _______ reinforcer.

Thorndike conducted research on:

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called _______.

According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must _______ the UCS or conditioning does not occur.

Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE?

Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a(n) ____________.

In classical conditioning, one must pair the _______ before conditioning can occur.

To avoid getting a headache, Lory always lets her dog outside when it sits by the door and howls. This is an example of which type of punishment or reinforcement?

The Law of Effect emphasized that responses were more likely to be made if they were followed by some pleasing consequence.

The Science of Psychology

The Biological Perspective

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness

Memory

Cognition: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language

Development Across the Life Span

Motivation, Stress, and Emotion

Social Psychology

Theories of Personality

Psychological Disorders

Psychological Therapies

Filters