Exam 5: Learning

You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has an unlimited supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?

Which of the following criteria helps to increase the effectiveness of punishment?

________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given _______.

What is the relationship between negative reinforcement and punishment?

In Pavlov's original experiment of classical conditioning, dogs learned to salivate at the sound of a metronome when the metronome was repeatedly paired with the presentation of food. The food is referred to as the unconditioned response.

Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain __________.

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________.

Lila doesn't like her psychology class because the instructor uses unannounced pop exams to test the class. As a result, she never knows when she will be tested. Her instructor is testing her on a __________ schedule.

Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus?

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?

Sheila almost got hit by a car at a street corner because she was too busy texting on her phone. From that day on, Sheila looks before she reaches the street corner. Her change in behavior is a result of

Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will increase is called a(n) _______.

The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called _____________.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the _______.

On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________.

What are the four factors that Bandura finds necessary for observational learning?

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act?

Research suggests that delayed reinforcement ____________ .