Exam 1: The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution

What is the sequence and polarity of the DNA strand complementary to the strand 5' AAATGTCCATGC 3'?

With the assistance of William Bateson, Archibald Garrod produced the first documented example of a human hereditary disorder that shaped the study of biochemical pathways. Which disorder were they describing?

Retroviruses carry their genetic information in the form of RNA, which is subsequently coded into DNA after the virus enters its host cell. What enzyme does the retrovirus use to produce this initial DNA?

What type of diagram would you use to depict morphological or molecular similarities and differences that identify evolutionary relationships?

Sexual reproduction uses________ to generate___________ gametes, which join at fertilization.

The DNA sequence below encodes the first five amino acids of a large protein. 5' ATGTTAGGATATCAG 3' 3' TACAATCCTATAGTC 5' a. Identify the coding and template strands. b. Write the sequence and polarity of the mRNA transcript produced by this sequence. Which process in the ce dogma of biology did you perform? Where does this process occur in eukaryotes? c. Write the amino acid sequence of the amino acids produced using the three- letter code for amino acids. (See genetic code table in text.) Which process in the central dogma of biology did you perform? Where does this process occur in eukaryotes?

Describe what is meant by adaptive and nonadaptive evolution. Which type of evolution might be represented by the differences in the shape of finch beaks on different islands with different food sources, and which type by the presence of both attached and detached earlobes in a given population?

The work of Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri suggested that the hereditary units, or genes, described by Mendel are located on ________.

What is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA sequences?

What are the three major types of RNA and their functions? What would happen to translation if each type of RNA were degraded?

DNA strands can be pulled apart by adding heat and "melting" the double- stranded DNA. The temperature required that melts a region of DNA changes based on the base- pair composition. Based on the structure of the A- T and C- G bonds in the accompanying figure, which type of bond would require more energy (heat) to break? How might this help you predict which regions of the DNA helix may be the most stable and harder to break apart?

A general labeling compound called _________ attaches to all DNA or RNA in a gel by binding to the sugar- phosphate backbone, thus allowing researchers to visualize the nucleic acids when the gel is exposed to UV light.

Hereditary anemia known as sickle cell disease (SCD) results from inheritance of a variant form of fi- globin protein (fiS), rather than the wild- type fi- globin protein (fiA). Which of the following did Linus Pauling find following gel electrophoresis of hemoglobin protein from individuals with the following three genotypes: fiAfiA, fiAfiS, or fiSfiS? A) all three lanes had just one protein band with the same electrophoretic mobility B) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the heterozygote (fiAfiS) individual had two protein bands with differing electrophoretic mobility C) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the homozygous (fiAfiA) individual had two protein bands with differing electrophoretic mobility D) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the homozygous (fiSfiS) individual with SCD had two protein bands E) all three lanes had the same two protein bands with the same electrophoretic mobility

Which evolutionary process describes the movement of members of a species from one population to another?

In the phylogenetic tree below, which feature distinguishes snakes and mammals from frogs and salamanders?

Both sugar gliders and flying squirrels have evolved characteristics that allow them to glide, despite being geographically separated. Similar traits that have independent origins arise as a result of what phenomenon?

What are the DNA regulatory sequences recognized by RNA polymerase called?

Which term describes a set of organisms that descended from a single common ancestor and are more closely related to other members of the group than to organisms outside the group? A) species B) paraphyletic group C) monophyletic group D) parsimony E) phylogeny

Phylogenetic trees are constructed based on morphological characteristics, but molecular phylogenetic trees are constructed based on which feature?

Which evolutionary process involves the slow addition of allelic variation that increases the hereditary diversity of populations, ultimately leading to evolutionary change?