Question 1

Molecular sequencing suggests that mitochondria arose from a group of prokaryotic organisms within the

Accepted Answer

A)  Crenarchaeota. 
B)  cyanobacteria. 
C)  iron-oxidizing bacteria. 
D)  Alphaproteobacteria. 
A)  Crenarchaeota. 
B)  cyanobacteria. 
C)  iron-oxidizing bacteria. 
D)  Alphaproteobacteria.

Question 2

Evolution is driven by

Accepted Answer

A)  random mutation. 
B)  novel metabolic pathways. 
C)  selection pressure. 
D)  selection pressure applied to random mutation. 
A)  random mutation. 
B)  novel metabolic pathways. 
C)  selection pressure. 
D)  selection pressure applied to random mutation.

Question 3

A type strain is the first strain of a new species to be identified and described.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

As oxygen appeared in the atmosphere, ________ also accumulated, which formed a protective barrier that protects the Earth from ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ozone / UV radiation 
B)  elemental sulfur / volcanism 
C)  ferrous iron / hydroxylating radicals 
D)  sulfate / hydrogen sulfide 
A)  ozone / UV radiation 
B)  elemental sulfur / volcanism 
C)  ferrous iron / hydroxylating radicals 
D)  sulfate / hydrogen sulfide

Question 5

Which taxonomic tool would scientists use if they wanted to determine if an outbreak of food poisoning was caused by a particular strain of a pathogen?

Accepted Answer

A)  fluorescence in situ hybridization 
B)  DNA-DNA hybridization 
C)  multilocus sequence typing 
D)  fatty acid methyl ester analysis 
A)  fluorescence in situ hybridization 
B)  DNA-DNA hybridization 
C)  multilocus sequence typing 
D)  fatty acid methyl ester analysis

Question 6

The oxic atmosphere created conditions that led to the evolution of various new metabolic pathways, such as

Accepted Answer

A)  sulfide oxidation. 
B)  nitrification. 
C)  iron oxidation. 
D)  sulfide oxidation, nitrification, and iron oxidation. 
A)  sulfide oxidation. 
B)  nitrification. 
C)  iron oxidation. 
D)  sulfide oxidation, nitrification, and iron oxidation.

Question 7

One phenotypic trait used for species identification and description is the analysis of the types and proportions of the fatty acids present in the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. The methodology employed is often nicknamed FAME.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

You have isolated a microbe from an environmental sample. The microbe has the ability to perform a new metabolic reaction at a very low temperature, so you are excited that it could be a new species. What experiments should you perform to determine if your isolate is truly a new species? What process will you follow to officially name your isolate?

Accepted Answer

Experiments to determine the isolateʹs c

Question 9

One widely used method of examining evolutionary relationships is ________, which is based on the assumption that evolution is most likely to have proceeded by the path requiring fewest changes.

Accepted Answer

A)  topology 
B)  neighbor joining 
C)  parsimony 
D)  systematics 
A)  topology 
B)  neighbor joining 
C)  parsimony 
D)  systematics

Question 10

Describe the hydrogen hypothesis and why it is favored over other hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

The hydrogen hypothesis states that a hy

Question 11

Because DNA-DNA hybridization reveals subtle differences in genes, it is useful for differentiating organisms from different

Accepted Answer

A)  domains. 
B)  families. 
C)  orders. 
D)  strains or species. 
A)  domains. 
B)  families. 
C)  orders. 
D)  strains or species.

Question 12

Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding?

Accepted Answer

A)  The chloroplast is an ancestor of the cyanobacteria. 
B)  The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast. 
C)  The chloroplast arose from the incorporation of a cyanobacterial-like organism. 
D)  The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically) related. 
A)  The chloroplast is an ancestor of the cyanobacteria. 
B)  The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast. 
C)  The chloroplast arose from the incorporation of a cyanobacterial-like organism. 
D)  The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically) related.

Question 13

Compared with today, the temperature on Earth during its first half-billion years was probably

Accepted Answer

A)  considerably warmer. 
B)  considerably colder. 
C)  about the same as today. 
D)  about the same as today on average, but the diurnal fluctuations were much greater. 
A)  considerably warmer. 
B)  considerably colder. 
C)  about the same as today. 
D)  about the same as today on average, but the diurnal fluctuations were much greater.

Question 14

How did cyanobacteria, oxygen, and ozone impact the evolution of eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

The first phototrophs on Earth were anox

Question 15

Oxygen did not accumulate in the early atmosphere until it reacted with reduced materials, especially ________, in the oceans.

Accepted Answer

A)  hydrogen 
B)  elemental sulfur 
C)  ferrous iron 
D)  nitrate 
A)  hydrogen 
B)  elemental sulfur 
C)  ferrous iron 
D)  nitrate

Question 16

Based on the phylogenetic tree below, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Species E is more closely related to species A than to species D. 
B)  Species D is more closely related to species C than to species E. 
C)  Species F is more closely related to species D than to species E. 
D)  Species C is more closely related to species B than to species D. 
A)  Species E is more closely related to species A than to species D. 
B)  Species D is more closely related to species C than to species E. 
C)  Species F is more closely related to species D than to species E. 
D)  Species C is more closely related to species B than to species D.

Question 17

The 16S rRNA gene sequence is an approximately 1,465 bp linear strand of single stranded RNA.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

LUCA is

Accepted Answer

A)  the last universal common ancestor. 
B)  the individual ancestor of each of the three domains. 
C)  actually somewhat of a misnomer because it is now believed that each of the domains arose independently. 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  the last universal common ancestor. 
B)  the individual ancestor of each of the three domains. 
C)  actually somewhat of a misnomer because it is now believed that each of the domains arose independently. 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 19

The earliest stromatolites were probably formed by

Accepted Answer

A)  anoxygenic phototrophs. 
B)  anoxygenic lithotrophs. 
C)  oxygenic phototrophs. 
D)  oxygenic lithotrophs. 
A)  anoxygenic phototrophs. 
B)  anoxygenic lithotrophs. 
C)  oxygenic phototrophs. 
D)  oxygenic lithotrophs.

Question 20

The early energy reactions used hydrogen, which is a powerful

Accepted Answer

A)  oxidant. 
B)  electron donor. 
C)  electron acceptor. 
D)  stabilizer. 
A)  oxidant. 
B)  electron donor. 
C)  electron acceptor. 
D)  stabilizer.

Exam 13: Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Molecular sequencing suggests that mitochondria arose from a group of prokaryotic organisms within the

Evolution is driven by

A type strain is the first strain of a new species to be identified and described.

As oxygen appeared in the atmosphere, ________ also accumulated, which formed a protective barrier that protects the Earth from ________.

Which taxonomic tool would scientists use if they wanted to determine if an outbreak of food poisoning was caused by a particular strain of a pathogen?

The oxic atmosphere created conditions that led to the evolution of various new metabolic pathways, such as

One phenotypic trait used for species identification and description is the analysis of the types and proportions of the fatty acids present in the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. The methodology employed is often nicknamed FAME.

One widely used method of examining evolutionary relationships is ________, which is based on the assumption that evolution is most likely to have proceeded by the path requiring fewest changes.

Describe the hydrogen hypothesis and why it is favored over other hypotheses.

Because DNA-DNA hybridization reveals subtle differences in genes, it is useful for differentiating organisms from different

Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding?

Compared with today, the temperature on Earth during its first half-billion years was probably

How did cyanobacteria, oxygen, and ozone impact the evolution of eukaryotic cells?

Oxygen did not accumulate in the early atmosphere until it reacted with reduced materials, especially ________, in the oceans.

Based on the phylogenetic tree below, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The 16S rRNA gene sequence is an approximately 1,465 bp linear strand of single stranded RNA.

LUCA is

The earliest stromatolites were probably formed by

The early energy reactions used hydrogen, which is a powerful

The Microbial World

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing

Microbial Growth and Its Control

Microbial Regulatory Systems

Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth

Viruses and Their Replication

Microbial Systems Biology

Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Microorganisms

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Symbioses with Humans

Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses

Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses

Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoans, and Helminths

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As oxygen appeared in the atmosphere, also accumulated, which formed a protective barrier that protects the Earth from .