Question 1

The universal phylogenetic tree shows that the Bacteria diverged from the Archaea before the Eukarya diverged from the Archaea.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Microbial species have a core genome and a pan genome. What is the difference between the two?

Accepted Answer

A)  The core genome consists of all the nucleic acid polymerases and translation enzymes, while the pan genome consists of all the biosynthetic pathways. 
B)  The core genome is the set of genes within the mitochondria, while the pan genome is the set of genes in the nucleus of a species. 
C)  The core genome is a set of genes shared by all members of a species, while the pan genome includes the core genes as well as genes that are not shared by all members. 
D)  The core genome is the set of genes introduced by horizontal gene transfer, while the pan genome is the set of genes that is not transferred horizontally. 
A)  The core genome consists of all the nucleic acid polymerases and translation enzymes, while the pan genome consists of all the biosynthetic pathways. 
B)  The core genome is the set of genes within the mitochondria, while the pan genome is the set of genes in the nucleus of a species. 
C)  The core genome is a set of genes shared by all members of a species, while the pan genome includes the core genes as well as genes that are not shared by all members. 
D)  The core genome is the set of genes introduced by horizontal gene transfer, while the pan genome is the set of genes that is not transferred horizontally.

Question 3

A monophyletic group is a group that

Accepted Answer

A)  descended from one ancestor. 
B)  has the same fitness level. 
C)  possesses one taxonomic trait that is the same. 
D)  shares one phylogenetic marker. 
A)  descended from one ancestor. 
B)  has the same fitness level. 
C)  possesses one taxonomic trait that is the same. 
D)  shares one phylogenetic marker.

Question 4

Rhodobacter cells perform photosynthesis in the presence of light and grow heterotrophically in the dark. After being cultured in total darkness for multiple generations, phenotypic and genotypic changes occur. What phenotypic changes occur and what evolutionary processes are driving them?

Accepted Answer

When a population of phototrophs is grow

Question 5

Organisms with greater phylogenetic distance in their genomes have less gene exchange than those with less phylogenetic distance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The earliest nucleic acid was probably a simple DNA molecule.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Ribotyping

Accepted Answer

A)  bypasses sequencing and sequence alignments. 
B)  exploits unique DNA restriction patterns. 
C)  allows discrimination between species and different strains of a species. 
D)  bypasses sequencing and sequence alignments, exploits unique DNA restriction patterns, and allows discrimination between species and different strains of a species. 
A)  bypasses sequencing and sequence alignments. 
B)  exploits unique DNA restriction patterns. 
C)  allows discrimination between species and different strains of a species. 
D)  bypasses sequencing and sequence alignments, exploits unique DNA restriction patterns, and allows discrimination between species and different strains of a species.

Question 8

Chemical reactions involving ________ have been proposed as energy-yielding reactions for the earliest organisms on Earth.

Accepted Answer

A)  Fe, O₂, and H₂ 
B)  S, O₂, and H₂ 
C)  S, and O₂ 
D)  S, and H₂ 
A)  Fe, O₂, and H₂ 
B)  S, O₂, and H₂ 
C)  S, and O₂ 
D)  S, and H₂

Question 9

A key concept in evolution is that all mutations are

Accepted Answer

A)  random. 
B)  neutral. 
C)  deleterious. 
D)  either deleterious or beneficial. 
A)  random. 
B)  neutral. 
C)  deleterious. 
D)  either deleterious or beneficial.

Question 10

Explain the strengths and limitations of using 16S rRNA for phylogenetic analyses.

Accepted Answer

Due to function constraints, the 16S rRN

Question 11

Organisms within a species should have strong phenotypic cohesiveness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

How does the Black Queen Hypothesis explain the effect of gene deletions on bacterial evolution?

Accepted Answer

The Black Queen Hypothesis states that s

Question 13

Two tubes are inoculated from the same tube containing a bacterial culture. The cultures are then transferred every day for 2 months. All of the media and growth conditions are the same in every tube. After 2 months of cultivation, the fitness and genotype frequencies of the populations in the two tubes are compared. The fitness of the two cultures is the same, but the genotype frequencies are very different in the two cultures. How is this possible?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two months is not long enough for different fitness levels to evolve even if the genotype frequencies change. 
B)  This result is not possible because different genotype frequencies would result in different fitness levels under the same growth conditions. 
C)  Natural selection caused the evolution of different genotype frequencies within the separate test tubes. 
D)  Genetic drift within the small populations in the test tubes resulted in different genotype frequencies. 
A)  Two months is not long enough for different fitness levels to evolve even if the genotype frequencies change. 
B)  This result is not possible because different genotype frequencies would result in different fitness levels under the same growth conditions. 
C)  Natural selection caused the evolution of different genotype frequencies within the separate test tubes. 
D)  Genetic drift within the small populations in the test tubes resulted in different genotype frequencies.

Question 14

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called its ________ and it is inferred from ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  taxonomy / phenotype 
B)  phylogeny / nucleotide sequence data 
C)  phylogeny / phenotype 
D)  taxonomy / morphology 
A)  taxonomy / phenotype 
B)  phylogeny / nucleotide sequence data 
C)  phylogeny / phenotype 
D)  taxonomy / morphology

Question 15

The first catalytic and self-replication biological molecule was most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA. 
B)  DNA. 
C)  proteins. 
D)  ATP. 
A)  RNA. 
B)  DNA. 
C)  proteins. 
D)  ATP.

Question 16

When exposed to UV light, oxygen gas produces ozone gas.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The pan genome of a microbial species is constantly changing because of

Accepted Answer

A)  bottleneck events. 
B)  horizontal gene transfer. 
C)  substitutions. 
D)  substitution and bottleneck events. 
A)  bottleneck events. 
B)  horizontal gene transfer. 
C)  substitutions. 
D)  substitution and bottleneck events.

Question 18

Approximately 3.7 billion years ago Archaea and Bacteria diverged as being distinct from each other.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

In taxonomy, family is a more general term than order.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Life is believed to have originated at hydrothermal springs on the ocean floor rather than on or near the surface of Earth. What conditions made the hydrothermal springs the likely place for the beginning of life? Relate the conditions of the early oceans to the likely metabolism of the first cells.

Accepted Answer

Aside from the temperature, the environm

Exam 13: Microbial Evolution and Systematics

The universal phylogenetic tree shows that the Bacteria diverged from the Archaea before the Eukarya diverged from the Archaea.

Microbial species have a core genome and a pan genome. What is the difference between the two?

A monophyletic group is a group that

Rhodobacter cells perform photosynthesis in the presence of light and grow heterotrophically in the dark. After being cultured in total darkness for multiple generations, phenotypic and genotypic changes occur. What phenotypic changes occur and what evolutionary processes are driving them?

Organisms with greater phylogenetic distance in their genomes have less gene exchange than those with less phylogenetic distance.

The earliest nucleic acid was probably a simple DNA molecule.

Ribotyping

Chemical reactions involving ________ have been proposed as energy-yielding reactions for the earliest organisms on Earth.

A key concept in evolution is that all mutations are

Explain the strengths and limitations of using 16S rRNA for phylogenetic analyses.

Organisms within a species should have strong phenotypic cohesiveness.

How does the Black Queen Hypothesis explain the effect of gene deletions on bacterial evolution?

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called its ________ and it is inferred from ________.

The first catalytic and self-replication biological molecule was most likely

When exposed to UV light, oxygen gas produces ozone gas.

The pan genome of a microbial species is constantly changing because of

Approximately 3.7 billion years ago Archaea and Bacteria diverged as being distinct from each other.

In taxonomy, family is a more general term than order.

The Microbial World

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Information Flow and Protein Processing

Microbial Growth and Its Control

Microbial Regulatory Systems

Molecular Biology of Microbial Growth

Viruses and Their Replication

Microbial Systems Biology

Viral Genomics, Diversity, and Ecology

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Microorganisms

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Microbial Eukarya

Taking the Measure of Microbial Systems

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Symbioses with Humans

Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis

Innate Immunity: Broadly Specific Host Defenses

Adaptive Immunity: Highly Specific Host Defenses

Clinical Microbiology and Immunology

Epidemiology

Person-to-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Waterborne and Foodborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungi, Protozoans, and Helminths

Filters

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called its and it is inferred from .