Exam 9: Language and Thinking

When an adult simplifies instructions because she is giving them to a young child, the adult is showing sensitivity to what area of language?

Rich factual knowledge about life, rich procedural knowledge about life, an understanding of lifespan contexts, an awareness of the relativism of values and priorities, and the ability to recognize and manage uncertainty are all characteristics of __________.

A young child enters a store by pushing a door open. Every time they come to a door after that, the child pushes the door expecting it to open, even though many doors only open by pulling. This is an example of

Divergent thinking is most closely associated with which of the following?

Consider the following sentence: "Flying planes can be dangerous". This sentence

'Escape rooms' are games in which players have to interpret clues and solve puzzles to move through, or 'escape' from, a series of rooms. You decide to go to one with some friends. Your friend solves the first puzzle, which had nothing to do with a key. You realize that you had expected a key to be involved with the first puzzle, which might account for the fact that you spent most of your time looking places where you thought a key might be hidden. What phenomenon could explain your searching behaviour?

While at the park, 25-month-old Suzy points to the swing set and says, "Push swing!" After she has had enough and wants to leave, she turns to her father and says, "Go car." Utterances such as these are called ________.

Suppose you have a friend who strongly believes that he makes higher grades on tests when he wears his "lucky shirt." Because of the confirmation bias, he is very likely to ________.

Actors tend to avoid wishing each good luck before performances on account of a belief that doing so can result in something bad happening (often opting instead to use the phrase 'break a leg'). In other words, a superstition exists. Imagine an actor tells you they don't actually believe there is any real connection with wishing someone good luck and something going wrong, yet they still act as though this superstition is true. What would this be an example of?

What is the clinical term for an impairment in producing or comprehending speech?

The following two sentences: "The cat was chased by the dog" and "The dog chased the cat," have

While on vacation you remember passing a restaurant earlier in the day about halfway between your current location and your hotel. You visualize a map of the area and imagine 'scanning' from your current location back to your hotel (as is done in mental scanning experiments), and then imagine 'scanning' from your current location to the restaurant. What prediction could be made about your scanning behaviour in this example (based on prior work, i.e. mental scanning experiments)?

A classic problem called, "The Crow and the Trains" requires you to determine the total distance a crow would fly while flying back and forth between two converging trains. If you initially conceptualized it as a distance problem, it was very difficult to solve but if instead you framed the problem in terms of ________, it was relatively easy to arrive at the solution.

A psychologist has a theory about how hunger influences the behaviour of rats and designs an experiment to test a specific if-then hypothesis such as, "If the rats are hungry, then they will run a maze more quickly." The hypothesis testing process in this example illustrates ____________ reasoning.

The underlying meaning of combined symbols is referred to as ___________________.

The work of the founding father of behavioural economics, Dr. Daniel Kahneman was crucial in demonstrating how people usually confuse representativeness with probability?

Which of the following is NOT considered a basic property of language?

You are hungry and would like something to eat. You decide to look through the pantry and you see a box of macaroni and cheese that looks good. Without really thinking about it, you know how to do all the various steps involved in making this meal, such as filling a pot with water, boiling the water, cooking the pasta, mixing in the cheese sauce, and finding a plate on which to put the finished meal. This type of specialized knowledge is best considered to be an example of

Disconfirming evidence __________ that an idea is false; confirming evidence __________ that an idea is true.

What is the difference between syntax and semantics and to what kinds of structures (e.g., deep or surface) do these terms apply? Discriminate between a phoneme and a morpheme and give an example of each.