Exam 8: How Cells Make Atp Energy-Releasing Pathways

During chemiosmosis, what must be transferred from NADH and FADH₂ to electron acceptor molecules?

An example of a(n) anabolic reaction is the splitting of a polysaccharide into monosaccharides. __________________

Which is a product from the first reaction of the citric acid cycle?

Explain why fermentation is a highly inefficient process.

The reactions of the citric acid cycle take place in the matrix of the mitochondrion. __________________

Which of the following is an exploited product of lactate fermentation?

In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through _____.

The electron transport chain forms a concentration gradient for H+, which diffuses through ATP synthase complexes, producing ____.

The energy released during the chain of electron transport molecules is used to create a(n) ____ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane for chemiosmosis.

Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ____ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.

In the skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates, as many as ____ ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose, which is less than might be expected because electrons from NADH produced during glycolysis must be shuttled through the ____ mitochondrial membrane at a cost.

Identify and briefly describe the process(es) of cellular respiration that occur in the mitochondria. Indicate the amount of ATP, NADH, and FADH₂ produced in each process.

Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?

Peter Mitchell demonstrated ATP production by aerobic bacteria to prove what process?

Substrate level phosphorylation reactions occur in the process of chemiosmosis. __________________

Explain how proteins can be metabolized by the same pathways that oxidize glucose.

For each acetyl CoA molecule that enters the citric acid cycle, two CO₂ molecules are produced. __________________

The downhill flow of protons through the ATP synthase complex powers the production of ATP. __________________

In the electron transport chain, exergonic redox processes drive the endergonic reaction in which:

Describe how cells can regulate aerobic respiration at the level of the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate as catalyzed by phosphofructokinase (PFK).