Question 1

Explain the second law of thermodynamics in your own words, and briefly explain how this law applies to living organisms.

Accepted Answer

The second law of thermodynamics states that when energy is converted from one form to another, some of that energy is converted to heat, which is a form of energy that is unusable by living organisms. As a consequence of the second law, plants must photosynthesize and animals must eat in order to compensate for this continued loss of usable energy in cells.

Question 2

The direction of an exergonic reaction can best be describe as moving:

Accepted Answer

A)  from higher to lower entropy. 
B)  from lower to higher free energy. 
C)  from higher to lower free energy. 
D)  from higher to lower absolute temperature. 
E)  from lower to higher absolute temperature. 
A)  from higher to lower entropy. 
B)  from lower to higher free energy. 
C)  from higher to lower free energy. 
D)  from higher to lower absolute temperature. 
E)  from lower to higher absolute temperature. C

Question 3

Which of the following statements concerning enzymes is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each enzyme has an optimal temperature. 
B)  Each enzyme has an optimal pH. 
C)  Most enzymes are highly specific. 
D)  Some enzymes require cofactors. 
E)  Most enzymes are RNA molecules. 
A)  Each enzyme has an optimal temperature. 
B)  Each enzyme has an optimal pH. 
C)  Most enzymes are highly specific. 
D)  Some enzymes require cofactors. 
E)  Most enzymes are RNA molecules. E

Question 4

What are the parts of the enzyme molecule that interact with a substrate called?

Accepted Answer

A)  cofactors 
B)  active sites 
C)  reaction sites 
D)  enzyme product sites 
E)  enzyme-substrate complexes 
A)  cofactors 
B)  active sites 
C)  reaction sites 
D)  enzyme product sites 
E)  enzyme-substrate complexes

Question 5

Energy that is useable and organized is classified as having ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  low energy 
B)  low entropy 
C)  low enthalpy 
D)  high entropy 
E)  high energy 
A)  low energy 
B)  low entropy 
C)  low enthalpy 
D)  high entropy 
E)  high energy

Question 6

You conduct an experiment in which you add increasing amounts of substrate to an enzyme solution and then measure the resulting reaction rate. You plot the rate of the reaction on the Y-axis versus substrate concentration on the X-axis. What do you conclude from your graph?

Accepted Answer

A)  The reaction rate is independent of substrate concentration. 
B)  The reaction rate decreases with increasing substrate concentration. 
C)  The reaction rate is directly proportional to substrate concentration. 
D)  The reaction rate increases but then decreases, forming a bell-shaped curve. 
E)  The reaction rate increases with increasing substrate concentration up to a point, above which the rate remains constant. 
A)  The reaction rate is independent of substrate concentration. 
B)  The reaction rate decreases with increasing substrate concentration. 
C)  The reaction rate is directly proportional to substrate concentration. 
D)  The reaction rate increases but then decreases, forming a bell-shaped curve. 
E)  The reaction rate increases with increasing substrate concentration up to a point, above which the rate remains constant.

Question 7

What is needed in the following reaction: ____ + Pi + energy → ADP.

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP 
B)  H2O 
C)  AMP 
D)  cAMP 
E)  glucose-P 
A)  ATP 
B)  H2O 
C)  AMP 
D)  cAMP 
E)  glucose-P

Question 8

What is meant by the "coupling of chemical reactions"? Provide two relevant biological examples to help explain the importance of this process to living organisms.

Accepted Answer

In chemical coupling, an exergonic react

Question 9

Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between the terms anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A)  anabolism = catabolism 
B)  metabolism = catabolism 
C)  catabolism = anabolism + metabolism 
D)  anabolism = catabolism + metabolism 
E)  metabolism = catabolism + anabolism 
A)  anabolism = catabolism 
B)  metabolism = catabolism 
C)  catabolism = anabolism + metabolism 
D)  anabolism = catabolism + metabolism 
E)  metabolism = catabolism + anabolism

Question 10

An endergonic reaction can proceed only if it absorbs:

Accepted Answer

A)  randomly available free energy. 
B)  less free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction. 
C)  more free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction. 
D)  less free energy than is released by a coupled endergonic reaction. 
E)  the same amount of free energy that is absorbed by the enzymatic breakdown of proteins. 
A)  randomly available free energy. 
B)  less free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction. 
C)  more free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction. 
D)  less free energy than is released by a coupled endergonic reaction. 
E)  the same amount of free energy that is absorbed by the enzymatic breakdown of proteins.

Question 11

A cell must expend energy to produce a concentration gradient. 
__________________

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at the allosteric site. 
__________________

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which of the following statements concerning ATP is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a nucleotide. 
B)  It stores energy for long periods. 
C)  It is called the energy currency of the cell. 
D)  It contains phosphate groups joined in a series. 
E)  It contains phosphate groups joined by unstable bonds. 
A)  It is a nucleotide. 
B)  It stores energy for long periods. 
C)  It is called the energy currency of the cell. 
D)  It contains phosphate groups joined in a series. 
E)  It contains phosphate groups joined by unstable bonds.

Question 14

Figure 7-1   Which statement best describes the plot in the accompanying figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  The figure represents an endergonic reaction. 
B)  The figure represents a spontaneous reaction. 
C)  The products have more free energy than the reactants. 
D)  The reactants have more free energy than the products. 
E)  The reaction is endergonic, and in addition, the products have more free energy than the reactants. 
A)  The figure represents an endergonic reaction. 
B)  The figure represents a spontaneous reaction. 
C)  The products have more free energy than the reactants. 
D)  The reactants have more free energy than the products. 
E)  The reaction is endergonic, and in addition, the products have more free energy than the reactants.

Question 15

As you climb a flight of stairs, what type of energy are your legs in motion using?

Accepted Answer

A)  kinetic energy 
B)  thermal energy 
C)  chemical energy 
D)  electrical energy 
E)  potential energy 
A)  kinetic energy 
B)  thermal energy 
C)  chemical energy 
D)  electrical energy 
E)  potential energy

Question 16

Figure 7-2   Refer to the accompanying figure. The line on the graph labeled C represents the ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  change in entropy. 
B)  change in enthalpy. 
C)  change in free energy. 
D)  activation energy with an enzyme. 
E)  activation energy without an enzyme. 
A)  change in entropy. 
B)  change in enthalpy. 
C)  change in free energy. 
D)  activation energy with an enzyme. 
E)  activation energy without an enzyme.

Question 17

An enzyme binds its substrate at the active site . 
__________________

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms?:

Accepted Answer

A)  heat 
B)  lipids 
C)  the sun 
D)  glucose 
E)  carbon dioxide 
A)  heat 
B)  lipids 
C)  the sun 
D)  glucose 
E)  carbon dioxide

Question 19

Consider the following two chemical equations:
A. glucose + fructose → sucrose + H2O, Δ G = +27kJ/mole (or +6.5 kcal/mole)
B. glucose + fructose + ATP → sucrose + ADP + Pi, Δ G = − 5kJ/mole (or − 1.2 kcal/mole)
The free energy change difference between the chemical equations (A) and (B) above is accomplished by:

Accepted Answer

A)  a decrease in activation energy. 
B)  combining two endergonic reactions. 
C)  combining an endergonic and an exergonic reaction. 
D)  combining two exergonic reactions. 
E)  measuring the reaction rate. 
A)  a decrease in activation energy. 
B)  combining two endergonic reactions. 
C)  combining an endergonic and an exergonic reaction. 
D)  combining two exergonic reactions. 
E)  measuring the reaction rate.

Question 20

In order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order, it must constantly:

Accepted Answer

A)  use energy. 
B)  produce energy. 
C)  destroy energy. 
D)  release energy. 
E)  increase energy. 
A)  use energy. 
B)  produce energy. 
C)  destroy energy. 
D)  release energy. 
E)  increase energy.

Exam 7: Energy and Metabolism

Explain the second law of thermodynamics in your own words, and briefly explain how this law applies to living organisms.

The direction of an exergonic reaction can best be describe as moving:

Which of the following statements concerning enzymes is FALSE?

What are the parts of the enzyme molecule that interact with a substrate called?

Energy that is useable and organized is classified as having ____.

You conduct an experiment in which you add increasing amounts of substrate to an enzyme solution and then measure the resulting reaction rate. You plot the rate of the reaction on the Y-axis versus substrate concentration on the X-axis. What do you conclude from your graph?

What is needed in the following reaction: ____ + Pi + energy → ADP.

What is meant by the "coupling of chemical reactions"? Provide two relevant biological examples to help explain the importance of this process to living organisms.

Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between the terms anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism?

An endergonic reaction can proceed only if it absorbs:

A cell must expend energy to produce a concentration gradient. __________________

In competitive inhibition, the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at the allosteric site. __________________

Which of the following statements concerning ATP is FALSE?

Figure 7-1 Which statement best describes the plot in the accompanying figure?

As you climb a flight of stairs, what type of energy are your legs in motion using?

Figure 7-2 Refer to the accompanying figure. The line on the graph labeled C represents the ____.

An enzyme binds its substrate at the active site . __________________

What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms?:

In order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order, it must constantly:

A View of Life

Atoms and Molecules the Chemical Basis of Life

The Chemistry of Life Organic Compounds

Organization of the Cell

Biological Membranes

Cell Communication

How Cells Make Atp Energy-Releasing Pathways

Photosynthesis Capturing Light Energy

Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis

The Basic Principles of Heredity

Dna the Carrier of Genetic Information

Gene Expression

Gene Regulation

Dna Technology and Genomics

Human Genetics and the Human Genome

Developmental Genetics

Introduction to Darwinian Evolution

Evolutionary Change in Populations

Speciation and Macroevolution

The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life

The Evolution of Primates

Understanding Diversity Systematics

Viruses and Subviral Agents

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

The Fungi

An Introduction to Animal Diversity

Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes

The Deuterostomes

Plant Structure Growth and Development

Leaf Structure and Function

Stem Structure and Transport

Roots and Mineral Nutrition

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Plant Developmental Responses to External and Internal Signals

Animal Structure and Function an Introduction

Protection Support and Movement

Neural Signaling

Neural Regulation

Sensory Systems

Internal Transport

The Immune System Internal Defense

Gas Exchange

Processing Food and Nutrition

Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes

Endocrine Regulation

Reproduction

Animal Development

Animal Behavior

Introduction to Ecology Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and the Biosphere

Ecology and the Geography of Life

Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology

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