Question 1

Refer to the figure shown.
  Where is depolarizing temporal summation occurring?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  IV

Question 2

The major excitatory neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter in a moth is

Accepted Answer

A)  acetylcholine. 
B)  glutamate. 
C)  glycine. 
D)  GABA. 
A)  acetylcholine. 
B)  glutamate. 
C)  glycine. 
D)  GABA.

Question 3

Briefly describe the mechanism of docking and fusion in the release of neurotransmitters.

Accepted Answer

Docking is mediated by the formation of

Question 4

Which protein is most uniquely associated with a metabotropic receptor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neurotransmitter 
B)  Second messenger 
C)  Ligand-gated receptor 
D)  Voltage-gated receptor 
A)  Neurotransmitter 
B)  Second messenger 
C)  Ligand-gated receptor 
D)  Voltage-gated receptor

Question 5

Which statement regarding neurotransmitters is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Small-molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized mainly in the nucleus. 
B)  Small-molecule neurotransmitters are contained in large dense-cored vesicles. 
C)  Neuropeptides are synthesized at the axon terminal. 
D)  The inactivation of small molecule neurotransmitters can occur via reuptake or via enzymes. 
A)  Small-molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized mainly in the nucleus. 
B)  Small-molecule neurotransmitters are contained in large dense-cored vesicles. 
C)  Neuropeptides are synthesized at the axon terminal. 
D)  The inactivation of small molecule neurotransmitters can occur via reuptake or via enzymes.

Question 6

Refer to the figure shown.
  What is the principal ion that is moving?

Accepted Answer

A)  Na+ 
B)  K+ 
C)  Ca2+ 
D)  Cl- 
A)  Na+ 
B)  K+ 
C)  Ca2+ 
D)  Cl-

Question 7

Which response is not directly mediated by a G protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  Activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase 
B)  Opening of a K+ channel 
C)  Activating adenylyl cyclase 
D)  Activating phospholipase C 
A)  Activating cAMP-dependent protein kinase 
B)  Opening of a K+ channel 
C)  Activating adenylyl cyclase 
D)  Activating phospholipase C

Question 8

Ultimately, it is the _______ that determines whether the postsynaptic membrane produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) or an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

Accepted Answer

A)  frequency of action potentials 
B)  movement of ions 
C)  neurotransmitter 
D)  receptor's affinity for the neurotransmitter 
A)  frequency of action potentials 
B)  movement of ions 
C)  neurotransmitter 
D)  receptor's affinity for the neurotransmitter

Question 9

How were extracellular ion concentrations manipulated in the experiments supporting the theory of quantal release of neurotransmitters?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ca2+ was increased in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release many vesicles. 
B)  Ca2+ was absent in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release no vesicles. 
C)  Mg2+ replaced Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release few vesicles. 
D)  Mg2+ replaced Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release many vesicles. 
A)  Ca2+ was increased in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release many vesicles. 
B)  Ca2+ was absent in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release no vesicles. 
C)  Mg2+ replaced Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release few vesicles. 
D)  Mg2+ replaced Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release many vesicles.

Question 10

Two sets of axons carry stimuli near the axonal hillock. One set produces an IPSP and the other set produces an EPSP. If both sets produce action potentials at the same time, what is the likely effect at the axonal hillock?

Accepted Answer

A)  There will be a hyperpolarization. 
B)  There will be a depolarization. 
C)  An action potential will be produced. 
D)  The potentials created will cancel each other out. 
A)  There will be a hyperpolarization. 
B)  There will be a depolarization. 
C)  An action potential will be produced. 
D)  The potentials created will cancel each other out.

Question 11

What is a miniature EPSP (mEPSP)?

Accepted Answer

A)  The movement of Na+ across the postsynaptic membrane 
B)  The diffusion of a neurotransmitter across the synapse 
C)  A depolarization caused by the release of a neurotransmitter from several synaptic vesicles 
D)  The postsynaptic response to the release of the contents of one synaptic vesicle 
A)  The movement of Na+ across the postsynaptic membrane 
B)  The diffusion of a neurotransmitter across the synapse 
C)  A depolarization caused by the release of a neurotransmitter from several synaptic vesicles 
D)  The postsynaptic response to the release of the contents of one synaptic vesicle

Question 12

Why were the terms nicotinic and muscarinic both used as names for the acetylcholine receptor?

Accepted Answer

The two types of acetylcholine receptors

Question 13

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement best describes what is occurring in the bottom panel?

Accepted Answer

A)  More electrical stimulation is occurring on the voltage-gated channels; therefore, they open with more frequency. 
B)  The increased concentration of acetylcholine eventually overwhelms the receptors, and the bottom panel represents what will happen just before they remain open permanently. 
C)  Because the channels are staying open longer due to increased acetylcholine concentration, K+ begins to move in significant quantities. 
D)  In this section of membrane, there are two acetylcholine channels that, in the presence of increasing neurotransmitter concentration, have an increasing probability of being open at the same time. 
A)  More electrical stimulation is occurring on the voltage-gated channels; therefore, they open with more frequency. 
B)  The increased concentration of acetylcholine eventually overwhelms the receptors, and the bottom panel represents what will happen just before they remain open permanently. 
C)  Because the channels are staying open longer due to increased acetylcholine concentration, K+ begins to move in significant quantities. 
D)  In this section of membrane, there are two acetylcholine channels that, in the presence of increasing neurotransmitter concentration, have an increasing probability of being open at the same time.

Question 14

A quantum is

Accepted Answer

A)  a count of the number of acetylcholine molecules in a vesicle. 
B)  a measure of the total amount of acetylcholine released into the synapse. 
C)  a measure of the stored acetylcholine in the presynaptic terminal. 
D)  the number of vesicles in the synapse. 
A)  a count of the number of acetylcholine molecules in a vesicle. 
B)  a measure of the total amount of acetylcholine released into the synapse. 
C)  a measure of the stored acetylcholine in the presynaptic terminal. 
D)  the number of vesicles in the synapse.

Question 15

Refer to the figure shown.
  What is occurring at point 5?

Accepted Answer

A)  Signaling cascade 
B)  Release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft 
C)  Reuptake 
D)  Exocytosis 
A)  Signaling cascade 
B)  Release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft 
C)  Reuptake 
D)  Exocytosis

Question 16

Which statement best describes the mechanism of sensitization?

Accepted Answer

A)  Protein kinase dephosphorylates Ca2+ channels and decreases the Ca2+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to a decrease in Ca2+ influx. 
B)  Protein kinase phosphorylates K+ channels and decreases the K+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to an increase in Ca2+ influx. 
C)  Protein kinase dephosphorylates K+ channels and increases the K+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to an increase in Ca2+ influx. 
D)  Protein kinase phosphorylates Na+ channels and decreases the Na+ current that normally activates the action potential, which leads to a decrease in Ca2+ influx. 
A)  Protein kinase dephosphorylates Ca2+ channels and decreases the Ca2+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to a decrease in Ca2+ influx. 
B)  Protein kinase phosphorylates K+ channels and decreases the K+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to an increase in Ca2+ influx. 
C)  Protein kinase dephosphorylates K+ channels and increases the K+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to an increase in Ca2+ influx. 
D)  Protein kinase phosphorylates Na+ channels and decreases the Na+ current that normally activates the action potential, which leads to a decrease in Ca2+ influx.

Question 17

In two sentences, explain the overall mechanism of presynaptic facilitation (sensitization) in Aplysia.

Accepted Answer

Serotonin acts via a G protein to upregu

Question 18

A specialized site of contact of one neuron with another neuron (or effector) is known as a

Accepted Answer

A)  neuron. 
B)  receptor-neurotransmitter complex. 
C)  membrane. 
D)  synapse. 
A)  neuron. 
B)  receptor-neurotransmitter complex. 
C)  membrane. 
D)  synapse.

Exam 13: Synapses

Refer to the figure shown. Where is depolarizing temporal summation occurring?

The major excitatory neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter in a moth is

Briefly describe the mechanism of docking and fusion in the release of neurotransmitters.

Which protein is most uniquely associated with a metabotropic receptor?

Which statement regarding neurotransmitters is true?

Refer to the figure shown. What is the principal ion that is moving?

Which response is not directly mediated by a G protein?

Ultimately, it is the _______ that determines whether the postsynaptic membrane produces an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) or an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).

How were extracellular ion concentrations manipulated in the experiments supporting the theory of quantal release of neurotransmitters?

Two sets of axons carry stimuli near the axonal hillock. One set produces an IPSP and the other set produces an EPSP. If both sets produce action potentials at the same time, what is the likely effect at the axonal hillock?

What is a miniature EPSP (mEPSP)?

Why were the terms nicotinic and muscarinic both used as names for the acetylcholine receptor?

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement best describes what is occurring in the bottom panel?

A quantum is

Refer to the figure shown. What is occurring at point 5?

Which statement best describes the mechanism of sensitization?

In two sentences, explain the overall mechanism of presynaptic facilitation (sensitization) in Aplysia.

A specialized site of contact of one neuron with another neuron (or effector) is known as a

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

Filters