Question 1

What are the two overarching goals of genomics, and why is each of these goals important?

Accepted Answer

The first goal of genomics is to elucidate the evolution of genes and genomes. The genome of each species has descended from the genomes of ancestral species, and genomes become modified as they evolve. Genome studies help clarify the mechanisms by which genes and genomes have been modified. The second goal of genomics is to elucidate the current functioning of genes and genomes. Because of the evolutionary continuity of life, when a new genome is sequenced, many of the genes found in the new genome are likely to be similar to the genes already observed in genomes that were sequenced previously. Researchers can then predict the function of genes in the new genome by the extrapolation of preexisting knowledge of homologous genes.

Question 2

Today, there are _______ species of icefish.

Accepted Answer

A)  two 
B)  about 16 
C)  about 50 
D)  about 100 
A)  two 
B)  about 16 
C)  about 50 
D)  about 100 B

Question 3

The process of adding direct human interpretation to genetic sequencing data is called

Accepted Answer

A)  high-throughput processing. 
B)  information processing. 
C)  annotation. 
D)  bioinformatics. 
A)  high-throughput processing. 
B)  information processing. 
C)  annotation. 
D)  bioinformatics. C

Question 4

All genes in a gene family share

Accepted Answer

A)  distinctive DNA sequences. 
B)  distinctive RNA sequences. 
C)  distinctive gene expression patterns. 
D)  identical exon sequences. 
A)  distinctive DNA sequences. 
B)  distinctive RNA sequences. 
C)  distinctive gene expression patterns. 
D)  identical exon sequences.

Question 5

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which statement about the numbered points on the figure is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  All of the species beyond point II share the same missing portions of DNA. 
B)  Species beyond points I and II share the same missing portions of DNA. 
C)  Only species beyond point III share the missing sequences that render hemoglobin nonfunctional. 
D)  Species beyond points III and IV have nonfunctional hemoglobin but the missing sequences are different. 
A)  All of the species beyond point II share the same missing portions of DNA. 
B)  Species beyond points I and II share the same missing portions of DNA. 
C)  Only species beyond point III share the missing sequences that render hemoglobin nonfunctional. 
D)  Species beyond points III and IV have nonfunctional hemoglobin but the missing sequences are different.

Question 6

In what way is the loss of functional hemoglobin in icefish a disadvantage?

Accepted Answer

A)  An increase in fitness was shown following the appearance of nonfunctional hemoglobin. 
B)  The appearance of nonfunctional hemoglobin was accompanied by a decrease in fitness. 
C)  Icefish have enlarged hearts and faster blood circulation compared to red-blooded fish. 
D)  Icefish have a very small body size to compensate for the loss of functional hemoglobin. 
A)  An increase in fitness was shown following the appearance of nonfunctional hemoglobin. 
B)  The appearance of nonfunctional hemoglobin was accompanied by a decrease in fitness. 
C)  Icefish have enlarged hearts and faster blood circulation compared to red-blooded fish. 
D)  Icefish have a very small body size to compensate for the loss of functional hemoglobin.

Question 7

Refer to the figure shown.
  Which explanation is the most valid for the low levels of mRNAs of the metabolic/mitochondrial enzyme genes shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  These genes are not as important as the other two categories in response to exercise. 
B)  These mRNAs cannot be detected as easily as those of the other two categories. 
C)  There are fewer genes producing this set of mRNAs compared to those producing the other two categories. 
D)  Although the mRNAs are produced in small quantities, their half-lives are long. 
A)  These genes are not as important as the other two categories in response to exercise. 
B)  These mRNAs cannot be detected as easily as those of the other two categories. 
C)  There are fewer genes producing this set of mRNAs compared to those producing the other two categories. 
D)  Although the mRNAs are produced in small quantities, their half-lives are long.

Question 8

In the _______ technique, tissues are subjected to experimentally increased synthesis of mRNA associated with the gene of interest.

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA interference 
B)  forced overexpression 
C)  gene knockout 
D)  expression profiling 
A)  RNA interference 
B)  forced overexpression 
C)  gene knockout 
D)  expression profiling

Question 9

Compare and contrast proteomics and metabolomics.

Accepted Answer

Proteomics and metabolomics are both hig

Question 10

Genomic analysis of the sea urchin led to the discovery of an exceptional number of genes that code for immune and detoxification proteins. Functionally, this suggests that sea urchins

Accepted Answer

A)  are not susceptible to diseases. 
B)  have a long lifespan. 
C)  are bombarded by pathogens and must react constantly. 
D)  have unusually elaborate immune and detoxification systems. 
A)  are not susceptible to diseases. 
B)  have a long lifespan. 
C)  are bombarded by pathogens and must react constantly. 
D)  have unusually elaborate immune and detoxification systems.

Question 11

Transcriptomics is the study of

Accepted Answer

A)  mRNA. 
B)  genes. 
C)  DNA. 
D)  tRNA. 
A)  mRNA. 
B)  genes. 
C)  DNA. 
D)  tRNA.

Question 12

You are examining 1000 genes to investigate a stress response and it seems that in 335 genes, there was some increased transcription. Why do standard statistical programs yield invalid results when analyzing the data from this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  All tests will be statistically significant, given the number of tests involved. 
B)  Most statistical programs cannot handle this much raw data, so calculation errors are made. 
C)  The high number of statistical analyses will produce false positives. 
D)  The results will not be repeatable. 
A)  All tests will be statistically significant, given the number of tests involved. 
B)  Most statistical programs cannot handle this much raw data, so calculation errors are made. 
C)  The high number of statistical analyses will produce false positives. 
D)  The results will not be repeatable.

Question 13

Refer to the figure shown.
  At which location on the figure did antifreeze proteins evolve?

Accepted Answer

A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  Before point I-II 
A)  I 
B)  II 
C)  III 
D)  Before point I-II

Question 14

Refer to the figure shown.
  The genes on the figure are aligned based on

Accepted Answer

A)  homologous sequences. 
B)  a matching of intron sequences. 
C)  gene function. 
D)  the beginning sequence on the chromosome. 
A)  homologous sequences. 
B)  a matching of intron sequences. 
C)  gene function. 
D)  the beginning sequence on the chromosome.

Question 15

In a microarray technique, an mRNA will _______ the DNA spot representing its specific gene.

Accepted Answer

A)  hybridize with 
B)  bind to 
C)  transcribe 
D)  reverse transcribe 
A)  hybridize with 
B)  bind to 
C)  transcribe 
D)  reverse transcribe

Question 16

Which statement regarding the vertebrate hemoglobin molecule is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vertebrates have multiple copies of the genes that code for globins. 
B)  The genes that code for globin diverged only recently. 
C)  In birds and mammals, genes that code for α-globin are located on a different chromosome from those that code for β-globin. 
D)  In fish, genes that code for globins are found on a single chromosome. 
A)  Vertebrates have multiple copies of the genes that code for globins. 
B)  The genes that code for globin diverged only recently. 
C)  In birds and mammals, genes that code for α-globin are located on a different chromosome from those that code for β-globin. 
D)  In fish, genes that code for globins are found on a single chromosome.

Question 17

Which process is not an overarching goal of genomics?

Accepted Answer

A)  Elucidating the evolution of genomes 
B)  Elucidating the current function of genes 
C)  Elucidating the current function of genomes 
D)  Elucidating the evolution of species through genomes 
A)  Elucidating the evolution of genomes 
B)  Elucidating the current function of genes 
C)  Elucidating the current function of genomes 
D)  Elucidating the evolution of species through genomes

Question 18

The genes coding for antifreeze proteins in Antarctic fish evolved from

Accepted Answer

A)  genes coding for plasma albumin. 
B)  genes coding for pancreatic proteins such as trypsin. 
C)  spontaneous mutations in intron sequences. 
D)  insertion events from ancient bacteria. 
A)  genes coding for plasma albumin. 
B)  genes coding for pancreatic proteins such as trypsin. 
C)  spontaneous mutations in intron sequences. 
D)  insertion events from ancient bacteria.

Question 19

Which definition of metabolomics is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  The study of all organic compounds in cells and tissues other than macromolecules. 
B)  The study of proteins being synthesized by cells and tissues. 
C)  The study of which genes are being transcribed in cells and tissues. 
D)  The study of energy-containing sugars in cells and tissues coded by the genome. 
A)  The study of all organic compounds in cells and tissues other than macromolecules. 
B)  The study of proteins being synthesized by cells and tissues. 
C)  The study of which genes are being transcribed in cells and tissues. 
D)  The study of energy-containing sugars in cells and tissues coded by the genome.

Question 20

Refer to the figure shown.
  In terms of the labels in the figure, the classic experimental approach begins with

Accepted Answer

A)  a survey of substances at II. 
B)  the sequencing of I. 
C)  an a priori hypothesis regarding III. 
D)  an a priori hypothesis regarding IV. 
A)  a survey of substances at II. 
B)  the sequencing of I. 
C)  an a priori hypothesis regarding III. 
D)  an a priori hypothesis regarding IV.

Exam 3: Genomics, Proteomics, and Related Approaches to Physiology

What are the two overarching goals of genomics, and why is each of these goals important?

Today, there are _______ species of icefish.

The process of adding direct human interpretation to genetic sequencing data is called

All genes in a gene family share

Refer to the figure shown. Which statement about the numbered points on the figure is true?

In what way is the loss of functional hemoglobin in icefish a disadvantage?

Refer to the figure shown. Which explanation is the most valid for the low levels of mRNAs of the metabolic/mitochondrial enzyme genes shown in the figure?

In the _______ technique, tissues are subjected to experimentally increased synthesis of mRNA associated with the gene of interest.

Compare and contrast proteomics and metabolomics.

Genomic analysis of the sea urchin led to the discovery of an exceptional number of genes that code for immune and detoxification proteins. Functionally, this suggests that sea urchins

Transcriptomics is the study of

You are examining 1000 genes to investigate a stress response and it seems that in 335 genes, there was some increased transcription. Why do standard statistical programs yield invalid results when analyzing the data from this study?

Refer to the figure shown. At which location on the figure did antifreeze proteins evolve?

Refer to the figure shown. The genes on the figure are aligned based on

In a microarray technique, an mRNA will _______ the DNA spot representing its specific gene.

Which statement regarding the vertebrate hemoglobin molecule is false?

Which process is not an overarching goal of genomics?

The genes coding for antifreeze proteins in Antarctic fish evolved from

Which definition of metabolomics is the most accurate?

Refer to the figure shown. In terms of the labels in the figure, the classic experimental approach begins with

Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage

Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology

Physiological Development and Epigenetics

Transport of Solutes and Water

Nutrition, Feeding, and Digestion

Energy Metabolism

Aerobic and Anaerobic Forms of Metabolism

The Energetics of Aerobic Activity

Thermal Relations

Food, Energy, and Temperature at Work: The Lives of Mammals in Frigid Places

Neurons

Synapses

Sensory Processes

Nervous System Organization and Biological Clocks

Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Physiology

Reproduction

Integrating Systems at Work: Animal Navigation

Control of Movement

Muscle

Movement and Muscle at Work: Plasticity in Response to Use and Disuse

Introduction to Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Physiology

External Respiration: the Physiology of Breathing

Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Body Fluids With an Introduction to Acid- Base Physiology

Circulation

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Internal Transport at Work: Diving by Marine Mammals

Water and Salt Physiology: Introduction and Mechanisms

Kidneys and Excretion With Notes on Nitrogen Excretion

Water, Salts, and Excretion at Work: Mammals of Deserts and Dry Savannas

Water and Salt Physiology of Animals in Their Environments

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