Question 1

In endurance training (e.g., running, swimming), which of the following best describes the characteristics of the muscles used?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fatigue quickly 
B)  Contract quickly 
C)  Poorly vascularized 
D)  High myoglobin content 
E)  Relatively low oxidative capacity 
A)  Fatigue quickly 
B)  Contract quickly 
C)  Poorly vascularized 
D)  High myoglobin content 
E)  Relatively low oxidative capacity

Question 2

Regarding the inspiratory center in the medulla (aka the dorsal respiratory group), action potential frequency is

Accepted Answer

A)  inversely proportional to rate of exhalation. 
B)  proportional to the rate of exhalation. 
C)  inversely proportional to the rate of inhalation. 
D)  proportional to the rate of inhalation. 
E)  proportional to the depth of inhalation. 
A)  inversely proportional to rate of exhalation. 
B)  proportional to the rate of exhalation. 
C)  inversely proportional to the rate of inhalation. 
D)  proportional to the rate of inhalation. 
E)  proportional to the depth of inhalation.

Question 3

Despite the fact that the musculature represented in the motor cortex (Fig. 26.17.B) shows the eyes, movement of the eyes are is not controlled by the motor cortex (but rather, by cranial nerves III, IV and VI). Explain the difference, then, between tracking a fast-moving object vs. one that is moving slowly. In both cases, assume that the object is close enough so that the head must move to keep the object on the retina.

Accepted Answer

To track a fast-moving object, saccades

Question 4

Which of the following scenarios best illustrate the use of saccades?

Accepted Answer

A)  Watching goldfish swim around in their bowl from half a meter away 
B)  Watching a chase scene on TV 
C)  Watching a football game from high up in the bleachers 
D)  Watching a football game from the third row 
E)  Watching an opera from the balcony 
A)  Watching goldfish swim around in their bowl from half a meter away 
B)  Watching a chase scene on TV 
C)  Watching a football game from high up in the bleachers 
D)  Watching a football game from the third row 
E)  Watching an opera from the balcony

Question 5

Give examples of distortion of the somatotopic map.

Accepted Answer

Activities and skills requiring fine mot

Question 6

Explain how a motor unit responds to increasingly stronger loads.

Accepted Answer

Because muscle fibers from a single moto

Question 7

Which other cortex of another sensory modality is histologically arranged in a way that is analogous to neurons in the motor cortex that guide the limbs in a specific direction?

Accepted Answer

Orientation columns in the vis

Question 8

In temporal summation, postsynaptic neurons may respond to input from presynaptic neurons if such input

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs all on the same postsynaptic site. 
B)  all occur on different postsynaptic sites. 
C)  occur in rapid succession. 
D)  are all excitatory. 
E)  are all subthreshold. 
A)  occurs all on the same postsynaptic site. 
B)  all occur on different postsynaptic sites. 
C)  occur in rapid succession. 
D)  are all excitatory. 
E)  are all subthreshold.

Question 9

Which of the following scenarios most illustrate that complex motor movements are genetically programmed, rather than learned.

Accepted Answer

A)  A human baby taking its first steps 
B)  Juvenile birds trying to fly for the first time 
C)  Birds teaching their offspring singing 
D)  Kitten stalking and catching a mouse 
E)  A dog running when you call him 
A)  A human baby taking its first steps 
B)  Juvenile birds trying to fly for the first time 
C)  Birds teaching their offspring singing 
D)  Kitten stalking and catching a mouse 
E)  A dog running when you call him

Question 10

In the experiments in which the cat's mesencephalic locomotor region was transected, strength of stepping was proportional to strength of electrical stimulation applied to this nucleus but had no effect on speed. What is a plausible way to centrally control stepping speed (running)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stimulating the basal ganglia 
B)  Stimulating the deep cerebellar nuclei 
C)  Stimulating the motor cortex 
D)  Inhibiting the deep cerebellar nuclei 
E)  Inhibiting the basal ganglia 
A)  Stimulating the basal ganglia 
B)  Stimulating the deep cerebellar nuclei 
C)  Stimulating the motor cortex 
D)  Inhibiting the deep cerebellar nuclei 
E)  Inhibiting the basal ganglia

Question 11

When a person is on all four limbs, with knees and hands touching the floor, the back is

Accepted Answer

A)  anterior. 
B)  posterior. 
C)  caudal. 
D)  dorsal. 
E)  inferior. 
A)  anterior. 
B)  posterior. 
C)  caudal. 
D)  dorsal. 
E)  inferior.

Question 12

Medullary and pontine respiratory centers are considered to be primitive centers, controlling baseline levels of respiration, which, however, can be modulated by emotions, changes in environmental temperature and innate defense (e.g., sneezing, coughing). These are considered to be

Accepted Answer

A)  respiratory defense centers. 
B)  higher respiratory centers. 
C)  cardiovascular respiratory centers. 
D)  pulmonary respiratory centers. 
E)  brainstem respiratory centers. 
A)  respiratory defense centers. 
B)  higher respiratory centers. 
C)  cardiovascular respiratory centers. 
D)  pulmonary respiratory centers. 
E)  brainstem respiratory centers.

Question 13

Protons and carbon dioxide are linked in the CNS because

Accepted Answer

A)  protons cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier, while carbon dioxide can. 
B)  carbon dioxide cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier, while protons can. 
C)  bicarbonate cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier, while protons can. 
D)  protons cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier, while bicarbonate can. 
E)  water cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier. 
A)  protons cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier, while carbon dioxide can. 
B)  carbon dioxide cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier, while protons can. 
C)  bicarbonate cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier, while protons can. 
D)  protons cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier, while bicarbonate can. 
E)  water cannot cross the blood-brain-barrier.

Question 14

The amino acid, tyrosine, is the first precursor in the biosynthetic pathway that ultimately produces dopamine, which has been drastically decreased in Parkinson's Disease. Why cannot one simply consume large amounts of tyrosine to make up for the loss?

Accepted Answer

A)  The amount of tyrosine needed to produce enough dopamine is toxic. 
B)  Tyrosine does not easily cross the blood brain barrier. 
C)  Tyrosine is converted into something else in the periphery before it reaches the CNS. 
D)  The neurons that convert tyrosine into dopamine have been destroyed. 
E)  It is impossible to target tyrosine directly to the neurons that produce dopamine from tyrosine. 
A)  The amount of tyrosine needed to produce enough dopamine is toxic. 
B)  Tyrosine does not easily cross the blood brain barrier. 
C)  Tyrosine is converted into something else in the periphery before it reaches the CNS. 
D)  The neurons that convert tyrosine into dopamine have been destroyed. 
E)  It is impossible to target tyrosine directly to the neurons that produce dopamine from tyrosine.

Question 15

Compare Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Huntington's Disease (HD) in terms of neurotransmitters and the how the various structures in the basal ganglia react.

Accepted Answer

In PD, the decreased dopamine from the s

Question 16

Draw/write out the flexor reflex steps of someone who steps on a nail with one bare foot.

Accepted Answer

The painful stimulus on the foot activat

Question 17

1a afferents are least active in terms of action potential firing to the spinal cord when the muscle is

Accepted Answer

A)  stretched. 
B)  contracted. 
C)  relaxed. 
D)  generating great force. 
E)  heavily vascularized. 
A)  stretched. 
B)  contracted. 
C)  relaxed. 
D)  generating great force. 
E)  heavily vascularized.

Question 18

What variables would you have to consider in predicting how a postsynaptic neuron will respond, given a certain size?

Accepted Answer

Besides considering that the input resis

Question 19

Explain the function of Golgi Tendon Organs.

Accepted Answer

Golgi Tendon Organs respond when the mus

Question 20

Although temporal and spatial summation are treated as separate phenomenon in textbooks, explain how they really are not, and rather, interact.

Accepted Answer

Time and space are linked toge

Exam 26: Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

In endurance training (e.g., running, swimming), which of the following best describes the characteristics of the muscles used?

Regarding the inspiratory center in the medulla (aka the dorsal respiratory group), action potential frequency is

Which of the following scenarios best illustrate the use of saccades?

Give examples of distortion of the somatotopic map.

Explain how a motor unit responds to increasingly stronger loads.

Which other cortex of another sensory modality is histologically arranged in a way that is analogous to neurons in the motor cortex that guide the limbs in a specific direction?

In temporal summation, postsynaptic neurons may respond to input from presynaptic neurons if such input

Which of the following scenarios most illustrate that complex motor movements are genetically programmed, rather than learned.

In the experiments in which the cat's mesencephalic locomotor region was transected, strength of stepping was proportional to strength of electrical stimulation applied to this nucleus but had no effect on speed. What is a plausible way to centrally control stepping speed (running)?

When a person is on all four limbs, with knees and hands touching the floor, the back is

Medullary and pontine respiratory centers are considered to be primitive centers, controlling baseline levels of respiration, which, however, can be modulated by emotions, changes in environmental temperature and innate defense (e.g., sneezing, coughing). These are considered to be

Protons and carbon dioxide are linked in the CNS because

The amino acid, tyrosine, is the first precursor in the biosynthetic pathway that ultimately produces dopamine, which has been drastically decreased in Parkinson's Disease. Why cannot one simply consume large amounts of tyrosine to make up for the loss?

Compare Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Huntington's Disease (HD) in terms of neurotransmitters and the how the various structures in the basal ganglia react.

Draw/write out the flexor reflex steps of someone who steps on a nail with one bare foot.

1a afferents are least active in terms of action potential firing to the spinal cord when the muscle is

What variables would you have to consider in predicting how a postsynaptic neuron will respond, given a certain size?

Explain the function of Golgi Tendon Organs.

Although temporal and spatial summation are treated as separate phenomenon in textbooks, explain how they really are not, and rather, interact.

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

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